BY FRITZ NOETLINC;. .M.A.. PHD, ETC •) 



be distinguished frcm the patina, which formed later en 

 the surfaces produced by flaking, though the original crust 

 and the later patina are in fact only different stages cf 

 one and the same process, viz., chemical decomposition of 

 the original matrix. 



This boulder could be broken in two ways, eith3r 

 it was dashed against a hard object, or it was struck with 

 another stone. It is obvious that the first method was 

 very uncertain, and though it may have occasionally bean 

 resorted to (1), it is prettv certain that usually the boulder 

 was broken by means of another stone, which served as a 

 hammer, and which fraquently must have been wielded with 

 great force. >Such hammer stones are by no means un- 

 coiamou, particularly in cjuarries and it is a remarkable 

 fact that, with very few exceptions, chiefly Diabas pebbles 

 were used as hammer stones. 



Whether other stones were used as anvils is not quite 

 certain. A priori it is veiy probable that such stones were 

 used, because it is easier to break a stone resting on a 

 hard than on a soft, non-resisting surface. The nucleus 

 from Kempton does not indicate that it rested on some 

 hard material when it was broken, and so far I have not 

 found any stones which I could definitely identifv as 

 anvil stones. It is, however, pretty certain that during the 

 finishing process the tero-watta was held in the hand, and 

 did not rest on an anvil. This is. howev?r.a different question 

 altogether, though it is of some importance because the 

 marks; of a blow on the stone held by the hand ars probably 

 quite different from those on a stone resting on a hard 

 support. 



We will now a.ssume that the Aborigine, having pro- 

 vided himself with a hammer stone, struck the boulder 

 with a strong, smart blow. It will be useful to explain a. 

 few teims before proceeding further. We mav call the 

 original boulder the "parent block,' and ever}- fragment 

 that was struck off. however big or small it mav have been, 

 a 'flake.' What remained of the parent block after one 

 or more flakes had been struck off is called "nucleus" or 

 "core. 



The parent block is. therefore, divided by a blow into 

 flake and nucleus, the flake being the desired object, the 

 nucleus the useless residue. It need hardly to be men- 

 tioned that more than one fl.ake can be, and has been, 



(1) Linp Ilotli, .A!)origiiies oi T;tsin;ini;i, -Ind ed., page l.'il. 



