54 THE PROBLEM OF MALTHUS STATED. 



(6) Insufficiency of food or famine, wliether 

 from seasonal influence, poor soil, 

 climate, ignorance, wilful waste, or im- 

 providence. 



(c) Violence, wars, murders, accidents, physical 

 causes, such as earthquakes or volcanic 

 outbursts, cannibalism, infant and senile 

 murder, massacre. 



((?) Diseases, whether due to ignorance, vice, 

 human neglect of hygiene, climate, cos- 

 mical influences, etc. 



(c) Diseases due to the tendency of civilised 

 communities to aggregate in dense num- 

 bers, as in cities and towns. 



(/) Misery the close attendant of these evils. 



M. — Moral restraint operating upon I. 



E. — Means of subsistence, varying with season, but 

 increased absolutely by numbers and increasing 

 knowledge of natural resource ; the ratio per 

 individual, however, gradually lessening as the 

 poorer lands and waters are invaded by swelling 

 numbers. 



F. — The absolute limit when a greater density for 

 each square mile of the earth's surface is reached 

 by removal or the minimising of all checks. 



G. — The final stage, the world peojiled to its full 

 limit, and the struggle for existence only per- 

 mitting a perpetuation of the maximum population 

 at F by the effects of T, and the failure of either 

 in any degree, again re-introducing of necessity 

 checks C, a, h, r, d, e, and so j)roducing a decline in 

 population, although the natural tendency (I) to 

 multiply may still be conceived to be as vigorous 

 and prolific as at the first. 

 When Malthus affirmed that the ratio of increase of popu- 

 lation advanced faster than the ratio of increase of means of 

 subsistence, ho never stated or conceived that i)opulation 

 could actually outstrip the means of subsistence as inter- 

 preted and discussed by Mr. Henry George (p. 17, book ii.), 

 and hence the whole of Mr. George's citations and reasonings 

 arc either fallacious, or they never touch ui)on the real causes at 

 the root of Malthus' problem. That there is a thorough mis- 

 conception on the part of Mr. George is clearly ]>roved by the 

 following quotation from Malthus (p. 243, vol. ii. Malthus on 

 Population) : " According to the princiiilea of poj)ulation the 

 human race has a tendency to increase faster than food. It 

 Las, therefore, a constant tendency to people a country fully 



