61 



" The cost of the bone-black department of a sugar factory, 

 working 150,0001bs. of beets, every 24 hours, is estimated at 

 £267. 



" 9. Crystallization. — The syrup boiled to a consistency of 

 from 40 to 42deg. of Baume's areometer, is distributed into 

 iron forms or crystallizers of a capacity of about 12 gallons 

 each. These are left quiet for 18 or 20 hours in a room, 

 the temperature of which is kept at 95deg. F. ; and in from 

 5 to 8 days the sugar is " made." The contents of the forms are 

 next emptied into " centrifugal turbines," revolving drums, the 

 outer surface of which is covered with metallic tissue, through 

 the meshes of which the syrups flow, by the action of the 

 centrifugal force, while the crystals of sugar are retained 

 within. These centrifugals are of various construction, but 

 the velocity of their circumference must not be inferior^ to 

 from 160 to l&O feet per second. 



" In a very short space of time the sugar (first product) is 

 ready to be scooped out from the inside of the centrifugals. 

 Then follow other processes for securing the second and third 

 qualities ; the residue from the third sugar is molasses, and 

 is collected into cisterns for the distiller's use. 



" The cost of the crystallization department is .£760. 



" To the foregoing estimates must be added piping and cocks, 

 d£750 ; vats, =£60 ; various tools, £200 ; packing and unpacking 

 of machinery, £400 ; besides freight and other expenses on 

 the whole apparatus, the total weight of which is estimated to 

 be about 200 tons. 



" Water supply. — Perhaps the most important consideration 

 in the choice of a locality for a beetroot sugar establishment 

 is an abundance of water, as will be seen from the following 

 estimate of the quantity required per hour for the daily 

 washing of 150,000 lbs. of beets ; viz. : — 



lbs. 



For the supply of the steam generator 3,000 



Washing and pulping 6,000 



Defecation 1,000 



Milkof lime 100 



Filtration 4,000 



Bone-black washing* 6,000 



Concentration of juice , 73,190 



Boiling 19,900 



113,190 

 or 1882 cubic feet, which is equal to a deUvery of 32-5 lbs. 

 per second, or about half a cubic foot. 



" Labour and general estimates. — With some few exceptions 

 no skilled labour is required in new beetroot sugar works, 

 as most of the operations are of a simple mechanical nature. 



