XV 



us to substitute for the culture of 

 cereals, which had become almost unpro- 

 ductive, that of the vine, an arborescent 

 culture with deeper roots. This enemy 

 which is inc: easing every day with great- 

 er damage than that caused ))y the phyl- 

 loxera is drought. 



In Cooig and the Wvnaad, and also the 

 Shimoger district of Mysore, India, it was 

 found that the borer was worse where the 

 bamboo had been cut .so the planters have 

 largely replanted the bamboo, with the re- 

 sult of keeping down the borer, which has 

 helped destroy the coffee industry of Cey- 

 lon. 



May not the entomologist find that the 

 Calif ornian scale on fruit trees is owing 

 to its natural habitat being destioyed; 

 for surely this pest was in the woilcl be- 

 fore it began to damage apple trees? 



Truly man cannot interfere Avith Na- 

 ture without suffering sooner or later for 

 his presumption. He may damage, but 

 he has not learnt to improve. Nature 

 will yield a portion of the surface for 

 cereals, but when that area is encroached 

 on too much, drought and floods destroy 

 what man has done, but does not always, 

 or rather seldom, restoie the damage done 

 by man. 



Now, amongst the advanti^ges ;!erived 

 from, forests are the folowing industries: 



■Sa^wmill, buildings, shipbuilding, en- 

 gineering, farmir,g, carving, paper pulp 

 manufacture, match making, manufacture 

 of cases, boxes foi' fruit, eto.. frttnies of 

 sieves and drains and cask hoops, wooden 

 wire for table covers, and blinds, pencils, 

 •R'ooden nails, instruments, shovels, 

 spoons, shoes, Lasts, saddle trees, staves 

 for barrels, brushes, harrows, gunstocks, 

 furniture ,toys, timber for mines, railway 

 'leepers, etc. In Germany these indus- 

 tries support 3.O0O.O0O i^eop:e. but owing 

 to the greater frugality of the Germans, 

 the longer hours of labour, and lower 

 w^ages, no comDetition could be started 

 against the import of the manufactured 

 article. In wood pu'p there is an excep- 

 tion. In a letter from Mr. Henri Ami, 

 of the Dominion Geological Department, 

 he states: — "There is no doubt a big fu- 

 ture for Canada in the direction you men- 

 tion; in fact, the world is looking towards 

 Canada's coniferous forests for its supnly 

 ot paper tor the coming generation, and if 

 Canada wil] only extensively and vigO!ous- 

 ly carry out a prudent, provident policy 

 in coniiection with this industry, ps well 

 as lumbering, there is no doubt that Ave 

 ?an control the output in years to come. 

 British Columbia has, as you know, fine 



oniferous foiests. May they be ever- 

 lasting, and they can be so by careful at- 

 rention, and judiciously enforced legisla- 

 tion." With refeience to inquiries as to 

 'orestry in the United States, it shows 

 that there was little sysitematic work car- 

 ried oj*- •k^cept in New York State, and 



the main conclusion arrived at wai^ 

 "There were but poor depauperated for- 

 ests left in the United States just south 

 of us," 



Again, fioni the "Journal of Commerce 

 of Neiw Yora." — "But the main ground of 

 objection to the iDrivilege Congiess has 

 given to the paper manufacturei s — the 

 letters of marque and reprisal which Con- 

 gress has given to the paper trust to prey 

 upon the book and newspaper trade ot the 

 country — ijeing Irankiy stated, a second 

 reason cf a very substantial character, is 

 that, although pulp woods are free of 

 duty, for the profit of the paper tru&t, the 

 duties on i^uip and paper stimulate the 

 ruinous consumption of American forests. 

 When forests are cut for timber, the 

 smaller trees are spared, but the pulp men 

 cut everything down to six inches at the 

 stump, so that the spruce forests, ravaged 

 by the paper makers, are not perpetuating 

 themselves." 



The National Irrigation Congress, a 

 .year and a half ago, and the National 

 Forestry Association, have urged that all 

 public lands, more valuable foj* timber 

 than for cultivation, should be absolutely 

 withdrawn from sale by the general go- 

 vernment. 



The efforts now making on a Avicie scaie 

 to preserve the forests do not spring from 

 altruistic regards for the well being of the 

 next generation. So far as the future 

 supplj' of timber is concerned, the de- 

 struction of our forests will only make 

 timber more expensive, and lead to a freer 

 use of metal for the purposes of construc- 

 tion. It is the farmers' need of rain, and 

 the cities" need of drinking water that is 

 inspiring the efforts, legal and scientific. 

 State and National, to retard the destruc- 

 tion of our forests. In England, New 

 York, and the older part of the West, the 

 denudation of the soil has already pro- 

 ceeded, so far as to seriously diminish the 

 volume of the rivers. This has unfavour- 

 ably affected the water supply of some of 

 our cities, and it is diminishing the 

 evaporation upon which agriculture must 

 depend for its rainfall. It is for the sake of 

 the crops, and for the sake of the 

 water supply of towns that etforts 

 are now making to check the reckless de- 

 struction of the forests. The enormous 

 profit the pulp paper men are making, 

 evinced by the capitalisation of the 

 Trust at ^'11,000,000 sterling, and 'absorp- 

 tion of mills at a valuation of <:£5,50() per 

 ton of daily output, which mills, with 

 entirely new machinery, can be erected 

 at 30 — 40 per cent, of that, offer an im- 

 mense premium upon the rapid destruc- 

 tion of the forests. 



Forests and Reservoirs. — From Ameri- 

 can "Gardening." October, 1901,— F. H. 

 Newell, H.ydrographer, United States 

 Geological Survey, makes a few remarks 

 "^hich should appeal to all who cultivate 



