OF THE MALAYAN REGION. 23 



The genera Ornitlwptera and Leptocirciis are liighly characteristic of Malayan ento- 

 mology, but are uniform in character and of small extent. The genus Papillo, on the other 

 hand, presents a great variety of forms, and is so richly represented in the Malay islands, 

 that more than one-fourth of all the known species are found there. It becomes ne- 

 cessary, therefore, to diWde this genus into natural groups before we can successfully 

 study its geographical distribution. 



Owing principally to Dr. Horsfield's observations in Java, we are acquainted with a 

 considerable number of the larvae of Papilios ; and these furnish good characters for the 

 primary division of the genus into natural groups. The manner in which the hinder 

 wings are plaited oi' folded back at the abdominal margin, the size of the anal valves, the 

 structure of the antennse, and the form of the wings are also of much service, as well 

 as the character of the flight and the style of coloration. Using these characters, I 

 di^dde the Malayan Papilios into four sections, and seventeen groups, as follows : — 



Genus Ornithoptera. 



a. Priarmis-gToup. Black and green. b. Pompeus-group. Black and yellow, 



c. Brookea}ius-grou]i. 



Genus Papilio. 



A. Lanae short, thick, with numerous fleshy tubercles ; purplish. 



a. Nox-gron-p. Abdominal fold in J very large ; anal valves small, but swollen ; antennae mode- 



rate ; wings entire, or tailed : includes the Indian Philoxenus-grou\). 



b. Coora-group. Abdominal fold in d small ; anal valves small, but swollen ; antennae moderate ; 



wings tailed. 



c. Polydorus-gvouip. Abdominal fold in J small, or none ; anal valves small or obsolete, hairy ; 



wings tailed or entire. 



B. Larva; with third segment swollen, transversely or obliquely banded ; pupa much bent. Imago with 



abdominal margin in d plaited, but not reflexed ; body weak ; antennae long ; wings much 

 dilated, often tailed. d. Ulysses-grou]i. 



e. Peranthus-group. 1 Pro^ewor-group (Indian) is somewhat intermediate between these, and is 



f. Memnon-group. J nearest to the A'oa.-group. 



g. Helenus-group. h. Ereciheus-group. 

 i. Panimon-group. ■ k. Demo/ion-group. 



C. Larvae subcylindrical, variously coloured. Imago with abdominal margin in d plaited, but not 



refle.xed ; body weak ; antennae short, with a thick curved club ; wings entire. 

 1. Erilhonius-group. Sexes alike, larva and pupa something like those of P. Demolion. 

 m. Paradoxa-group. Sexes different, 

 n. Dissimilis-gvoMp. Sexes ahke ; larva bright-coloured ; pupa straight, cylindric. 



D. Larvae elongate, attenuate behind, and often bifid, with lateral and oblique pale stripes, green. 



Imago with the abdominal margin in d reflexed, woolly or hairy within ; anal valves small, 



hairy ; antennae short, stout ; body stout, 

 o. Macareus-group. Hind wings entire. 



p. Antiphates-growp. Hind wings much tailed (swallow-tails), 

 q. Eurypylus-gxonp. Hind wings elongate or tailed. 



Genus Lkptocircus. 



making, in all, twenty distinct groups of Malayan Papilionidse. 



The first section of the genus Fapilio (A) comprises insects which, though differing 

 considerably in structui'e, have much general resemblance. They all have a weak, low 



