transport along the east coast of North America has been a practice for at least 

 the past 170 years; surely within this time acclimatization, quite likely a factor 

 in the extension of the normal range of distribution, would have operated in an 

 animal like the drill with a relatively short sexual cycle, particularly since step- 

 wise transportation from bay to bay has occurred. 



Eastern Coast of North America 



Eastern Canada . In 1901 Whiteaves reported that Urosalpinx had 

 extended its range northward into shallow sheltered comparatively warm waters 

 of such areas as Passarnaquoddy Bay and Minas Basin, Bay of Fundy; Halifax Harbor 

 and Sable Island on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia; Magdalen Islands, Gulf of 

 St. Lawrence; between Cape Breton and Prince Edward Islands, and Northumberland 

 Strait; and on the northeast coast of New Brunswick to Carraquette Bay. He 

 described its distribution as local and sparse. Chadwick (1905) found the drill 

 quite rare in deep water in Northumberland Strait. Needier (1941) and Ingalls 

 and Needier (1942) state that this snail is not generally distributed in Canadian 

 Atlantic oyster areas but is abundant about the eastern part of Northumberland 

 Strait in Malagash Basin, in Pugwash River, Tatamagouche Bay, Caribou Harbour, 

 Merigamish, and in the vicinity of Charlottetown . They are abundant only where 

 many oysters or mussels are found, and are destroying many oysters, but are said 

 not to be serious to the oyster industry as a whole anywhere in Canada. Most 

 recently Adams (1947) finds Urosalpinx in isolated restricted colonies on both 

 sides of Northumberland Strait and in Minas Basin where they probably have existed 

 for many years . In these two areas oysters occur only in Northumberland Strait 

 where depredations are worst in Caribou Harbour and Malagash Basin . 



Some drills may have been carried to eastern Canada when American 

 oysters were transported to Malpeque Bay, P.E.L, for restocking after the local 

 oysters were destroyed in 1915 and 1916 by poor conservation and disease 

 (Sherwood, 1931). No records are available on possible earlier introductions. 



Maine. The drill has been reported from only a few isolated sheltered 

 bodies of water in this state. Verrill and Smith (1874) and C. Johnson (1915) 

 found it in some of the warmer shallow Ibraaches of Casco Bay, especially in the 

 upper end of Quahog Bay. These may well have been introduced by man, since 

 the importation of oysters from Virginia to Portland, Maine, commenced about 1840, 

 and surplus from each cargo was shipped to Casco Bay and left on the flats for 

 summer storage (Ingersoli, 1881). In 1895 Wentworth reported the drill as common 

 in Damariscotta and Newcastle . More recently Galtsoff and Chipman (1940) in an 

 exploration of the upper Damariscotta River found a few live Urosalpinx in the area 

 where extensive oyster grounds existed during precolonial time . It is also 



