others breed in Sea of Okhotsk on Robben 

 Island and the northern Kuriles. The four 

 groups are anatomically indistinguishable. 

 Family Odobenidae 



Genus Odobenus Brisson, 1762 



Odobenus rosmarus Linnaeus, 1758 (wal- 

 rus). Shallow waters near ice in the Arc- 

 tic Ocean and adjacent seas. A North At- 

 lantic race^O. r. msmarus J and a North Pa- 

 cific race (0. r. divergens lUiger, 1815) 

 have been described. 

 Superfamily Phocoidea (crawling seals; "ear- 

 less" seals) 

 Family Phocidae 

 Subfamily Phocinae 

 Tribe Phocini 

 Genus Phoca Linnaeus, 1758 



Phoca vitulina Linnaeus, 1758 (harbor 

 seal). Shores of North America and Eurasia 

 from about 30° N to the edge of arctic ice. 

 Five races are tentatively recognized, one 

 each from the eastern Atlantic (P. v. vitu- 

 lina); western Atlantic (P. v. concolor 

 De Kay, 1842); eastern Pacific (P. v. rich- 

 ardi Gray, 1864); western Pacific (P. v. 

 largha Pallas, 1811); and Seal Lakes com- 

 plex of Ungava Peninsula (P. v. mellonae 

 Doutt, 1942). 

 Genus Pusa Scopoli, 1777 



Pusa hispida Schreber, 1775 (ringed seal). 

 Near ice throughout the Arctic Ocean and 

 adjacent seas, and in two lakes. Six races 

 are tentatively recognized, one each from 

 the Arctic Ocean (P. h. hispida); Okhotsk 

 Sea{P.h. ochotensis Pallas, 1811); Bering 

 Sea (P. h. krascheninikovi Naumov and 

 Smimov, 1936); Baltic Sea (P. h. botnica 

 Gmelin, 1788); Lake Ladoga (P. h. lado- 

 gensis Nordquist, 1899); and Lake Saimaa 

 and adjacent lakes (P. h. saimensis Nord- 

 quist, 1899). 



Pusa sibirica Gmelin, 1788 (Baikal seal). 

 Only in Lake Baikal, U.S.S.R., a fresh- 

 water body which freezes in winter. 



Pusa caspica Gmelin, 1788 (Caspian seal). 

 Only in Caspian Sea, U.S.S.R., the northern 

 end of which freezes in winter. 

 Genus Halichoerus Nilsson, 1820 



Halichoerus grypus Fabricius, 1791 (gray 

 seal). North Atlantic Ocean, along shores 

 of Novaya Zemlya westward in temperate 

 waters to Labrador, rarely south to France 



and New Jersey. The Baltic, East Atlantic, 

 and West Atlantic populations differ greatly 

 in their breeding biology, but are not re- 

 garded as subspecifically distinct. 

 Genus Histriophoca Gill, 1873 

 Histriophoca fasciata Zimmermann, 1783 

 (ribbon seal). North Pacific Ocean, in and 

 along edges of sea ice from western Alaska 

 to Kamchatka, Okhotsk Sea, and northern 

 Japan. 



Genus Pagophilus Gray, 1844 

 Pagophilus groenlandicus Erxleben, 1777 

 (harp seal). North Atlantic Ocean, in and 

 along edges of sea ice from northern shores 

 of Europe, including White Sea, to eastern 

 Canada. White Sea, Jan Mayen, and New- 

 foundland breeding stocks are perhaps 

 distinct. 

 Tribe Erignathini 



Genus Erignathus Gill, 1866 

 Erignathus barbatus Erxleben, 1777 (bearded 

 seal). Circumboreal at edges of ice; along 

 all coasts and islands of northern Eurasia 

 and northern North America. North Atlantic 

 and North Pacific races have been described 

 (£. b. barbatus and £'. b. nauticus Pallas, 

 1811). 



Subfamily Monachinae 

 Tribe Monachini (monk seals) 

 Genus Monachus Fleming, 1822 

 Monachus monachus Hermann, 1779 (Mediter- 

 ranean monk seal). Monk seals are thinly 

 scattered along the Anatolian coast of the 

 Black Sea and Adriatic Sea; coast and is 

 lands of Mediterranean Sea, southward to 

 Spanish West Africa and Canary Islands. 



Monachus tropicalis Gray, 1850 (Caribbean 

 monk seal). The former range included 

 shores and islands of the Caribbean Sea 

 and Gulf of Mexico. This seal is perhaps 

 now extinct. 



Monachus schauinslandi Matschie, 1905 (Ha- 

 waiian monk seal). Breeds on Leeward Chain 

 of the Hawaiian Islands, from French Frigate 

 Shoals to Kure Atoll; straggles southeast 

 to Hawaii. 

 Tribe Lobodontini (antarctic phocids, except 



elephant seals) 

 Genus Lobodon Gray, 1844. 



Lobodon carcinophagus Hombron and Jac- 

 quinot, 1842 (crabeater seal). Crabeaters 



