EARLIER STAGES OF CATACLYSTA LEMNATA. 41 



segment by segment, as above, its real nature is not open to 

 doubt ; and further confirmation comes from finding IV and V 

 close together a considerable way below the spiracles on the 

 following segments disposed as in the larva. These hairs and 

 tubercles are microscopic, and the pupa may be described as 

 quite smooth, as that idea is 'usually understood. There is a 

 pair of hairs on the face, but there seem to be none on the 

 thorax. They appear to have become obsolete, like II on the 

 abdominal segments. 



The two anal spines noted by Buckler are very curious ; they 

 are on the tenth abdominal segment, but the segmental incisions 

 are so obscure that in some views they seem to be on the ninth. 

 Their situation is quite dorsal, dorsal to the spiracular level ; 

 they point directly outwards, and are thin and flat, so that even 

 from behind they appear to lie almost flat on the surface. 



Noting the appendages in front, there is a well-marked 

 labrum, and there are angles of the face below it that may be the 

 mandibles ; between these is a small angular space, the floor of 

 which is no doubt the labial palpi. Between the eyes and the 

 base of the second pair of legs is a small square piece abutting 

 against the antenna. I believe I have called this piece the 

 maxillary palpus in some pupae similar to this one, and I am not 

 prepared to say positively that it is not, as it occupies precisely 

 the position that the end of the palpus occupies in all those 

 pupce incomplete in which its nature is obvious. Here, however, 

 on dehiscence, this piece remains attached not to the maxilla, 

 but to the prothoracic dorsal piece, and it seems therefore that 

 it really is a portion of the prothorax visible in front of the 

 antenna. 



The pupa possesses a primitive feature in having a separate 

 dorsal head-piece, to which the eye-piece, separated from the 

 rest of the face, remains attached on dehiscence. The maxillae 

 reach more than half-way to the wing-tips, and then disappear 

 by passing under the second pair of legs ; in some specimens 

 there is an appearance as if the extremity came to the surface 

 just at the wing-tips, behind the free portions of the appendages. 

 In dehisced specimens the applied surfaces of the hind legs in 

 this process separate, and leave an angular line that looks some- 

 times as though there were something else besides the hind legs 

 present ; this could only be the maxillae. The appearance is, 

 however, due merely to the exposure of the inner aspect of the 

 leg-case. 



Between the maxilla and first leg is a portion of the first 

 femur (as in sphingids, &c.) ; the first legs are cut off from the 

 face (eye) by the angular portion of the prothorax, and do not 

 extend quite as far as where the maxillae disappear. The second 

 legs and antennae, as already noted, reach a little beyond the 

 end of the wings, along the free portion of the third leg-cases. 



