326 Margaret Holliday 



sessed from fifteen to eighteen tubules on eacli side, with fifteen to 

 tweiity eg'g-s eacli. The soldiers liad well developed ovaries, tubules 

 varying' from oiie to seven on eacli side. The workers had from one 

 to two tubules, usually just one, on each side. No r e c e p t a c u 1 u m 

 was found among the soldiers. Out of thirty-two workers dis- 

 sected two had the r e c e p t a c u 1 u m situated on one of the tubules, 

 sometimes on the inner, sometimes on the outer, surface. The ac- 

 cessory anal gland was present in the queen, soldiers and workers.' 



16. C. maculatus sansabeanus Buckley queens had from six to 

 seven tubules usually ; one had seventeen, on each side. The soldiers 

 and workers had only one tubule to a side, one egg in each usually. 

 The accessory anal giand was present also in this species. 



17. In Pogonomyrmex harhatus Smith var. molifaciens Buckley 

 the queen had larj^e and well developed ovaries, possessing from 

 twenty five to thirty tubules on each side, fifteen eg-gs in each. 

 The receptaculum of the queen was a large bilobed organ. The 

 worker showed a reduction in the number of tubules; the number 

 varied from one to seven tubules on each side, the usual number, 

 however, was two or three. Sixteen workers possessed the recep- 

 taculum semin is, while nineteen did not. The receptaculum of 

 the workers was not bilobed, but was a simple spherical sac. 



18. The results of this investigation are in conformity with some 

 of the prevalent ideas concerning the relative sexual conditions of 

 the queens and workers of ants. but a variance with others. The 

 workers of all species of ants cannot correctly be considered as 

 sterile females, nor can the ovaries of workers be looked upon as 

 rudimentary organs. While the ovaries of most of the species 

 investigated do show a reduction in the number of tubules, they are 

 not rudimentary, since morphologically and histologically they are 

 capable of producing and do produce eggs. 



It has been held by some that the intermediate conditions of 

 fertility are induced by changes in social conditions, but the facts 

 before us hardly Warrant such a belief. It is true that Leptothorax 

 emersoni, the ant which exhibits the greatest number of intermediate 

 forms, virtually occupies the position of a parasite, but in contrast 

 to this is the Pogonomyrmex harhatus possessing the receptaculum 

 seminis in almost half of the workers dissected. Moreover the 

 representative species of the Ponerinae studied are never parasitic 

 and yet here too the receptaculum seminis occurs. A phylo- i 

 genetic explanation seems to be the better one. 



