BOARMIDAZ—MACARIA. 377 



and, according to Mr. Buckler, on blackthorn. Hoffmann 

 adds alder and willow. It is but a short time in the larva 

 state, feeding up sometimes in three or four weeks. 



Pupa moderately stout, anal extremity spiked ; very dark 

 red-brown ; wing-cases with an olive tinge. In a loose 

 cocoon on the surface of the ground. (C. Fenn.) In this 

 condition through the winter. 



The moth hides in the daytime principally in birch bushes 

 and small birch trees, from which it is readily disturbed by 

 the beating-stick. It seems especially to frequent heath- 

 carpeted woods. Often it rests close to the ground. Its 

 natural time of flight is dusk, and probably also late at night, 

 but it is very local and usually scarce, and its habits have 

 not been very thoroughly observed. It inhabits woods in 

 Kent, Sussex, Dorset, and Devon, is rare in Cornwall, and 

 has once been recorded in Surrey ; a single capture seems 

 also to have been made in Cambridgeshire, and it is scarce 

 in Suffolk and Gloucestershire. Rather common in heathy 

 woods in Staffordshire and Cheshire, but I find no record, for 

 other parts of England ; and in Wales only Glamorganshire. 

 In Scotland it re -appears in Inverness-shire and Ross-shire ; 

 and in Ireland it was said by the late Mr. E. Birchall to be 

 plentiful at Killarney, but I can find no recent confirmation 

 of this statement. 



Abroad it is widely distributed over Central and the tem- 

 perate portions of Northern Europe, South Lapland, Finland, 

 Northern Italy, Greece, Southern Russia, Eastern Siberia, 

 Armenia, and the mountain regions of Central Asia. More- 

 over, it appears to be known under the names of cnotata, 

 Packard, and cemulataria, Walk, in North America, in 

 Florida, Texas, and the Washington Territory. 



3. M. liturata, L.— Expanse 1| inch. Fore wings very 

 slightly arcuate ; pale slate-grey, with three darker transverse 

 lines arising from black costal spots ; beyond the third is a 



