concentrations are found near Cape Lookout, 

 N.C., and in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico 

 near Cape San Bias, Fla. Scallop densities may 

 exceed 108 per square meter (10 per square 

 foot). Abrupt yearly differences in scallop 

 abundance have been reported for the grounds 

 off North Carolina and in the northeastern Gulf 

 of Mexico. 



6. Maturation and spawning time can be de- 

 termined from ovarian color. Spawning activity 

 may be controlled by water temperature. Spawn- 

 ing on the Cape Kennedy grounds probably oc- 

 curs year around, with maximum spawning in 

 the spring. For North Carolina waters, there is 

 no evidence of winter spawning. 



7. The length of planktonic larval life from 

 fertilization to settlement is about 14 days. The 

 spat are about 0.25 mm in shell height when 

 first set. The rate of shell growth per month 

 decreases as size increases. Growth may vary 

 between areas. For the Cape Kennedy grounds, 

 preliminary studies indicate that scallops reach 

 40 to 45 mm in shell height in 6 to 8 months. 

 Maximum age averages 18 to 20 months and 

 does not exceed 24 months. 



8. The causes of mass mortalities of calico 

 scallops are not known. Drastic water temper- 

 ature fluctuations and predation may be factors. 

 In addition, there is a postspawning die-off. 



9. Numerous marine animals, including par- 

 asites and predators, have been listed as asso- 

 ciates of the calico scallop. 



10. Calico scallop larvae occur at all levels in 

 the water column. The young scallops (spat) 

 attach to a variety of substrates. Swimming 

 ability is apparently most pronounced in small 

 scallops. On the bottom, scallops settle in de- 

 pressions or furrows. 



11. Development of the fishery has been slow 

 and erratic due to problems related to stock 

 availability and processing. Greatest produc- 

 tion has been in North Carolina, and this is re- 

 lated to the proximity to shore of the scallop 

 grounds, and to the availability of processing 

 facilities. The history of the fishery in North 

 Carolina and in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico 

 indicates that in those areas, fluctuations in 

 stock availability from year-to-year will be a con- 

 tinuing problem. The apparent large concen- 

 trations of scallops off the Florida east coast, 

 and the introduction and improvement of pro- 



cessing machines suggest that the harvest of cal- 

 ico scallops will increase in the next few years. 



LITERATURE CITED 



ANDERSON, V^. W., and J. W. GEHRINGER. 



1965. Biological-statistical census of the species en- 

 tering fisheries in the Cape Canaveral area. U.S. 

 Fish V^^ildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 514, 79 p. 



ANDERSON, V^. W., J. E. MOORE, and H. R. GORDY. 



1961. Oceanic salinities of the south Atlantic coast 



of the United States, Theodore N. Gill Cruises 1-9, 



1953-54. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. 



Fish. 389, 207 p. 



ANONYMOUS. 



1968. A follow up on scallops - a breakthrough in 

 taste. Ocean Ind. 3(4) : 34-35. 



1969. Shuckers for Florida calico beds - new scal- 

 lopers detailed. Natl. Fish. 50(1): 1-B (Apr.). 



BULLIS, H. R., JR., and R. CUMMINS, JR. 



1961. An interim report of the Cape Canaveral 

 calico scallop bed. Commer. Fish. Rev. 23(10): 

 1-8. 

 BULLIS, H. R., JR., and R. M. INGLE. 



1959. A new fishery for scallops in western Florida. 

 Proc. Gulf Caribb. Fish. Inst., 11th Annu. Sess., 

 p. 75-78. 

 BULLIS, H. R., JR., and T. D. LOVE. 



1961. Application of steaming and vacuum to 

 shucking and cleaning scallops. Commer. Fish. 

 Rev. 23(5) :l-4. 

 BULLIS, H. R., JR., and J. R. THOMPSON. 



1965. Collections by the exploratory fishing vessels 

 Orego7i, Silver Bay, Combat, and Pelican made 

 during 1956 to 1960 in the southwestern North 

 Atlantic. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. 

 Fish. 510, 130 p. 



CAPTIVA, F. J. 



1966. Resume of accomplishments in fishery devel- 

 opment made by the R/V Oregon. In Annual 

 report exploratory fishing and gear research, Bu- 

 reau of Commercial Fisheries Region 2 for fiscal 

 year 1964, p. 2-5. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Circ. 236. 



CARPENTER, J. S. 



1967. History of scallop and clam explorations in 

 the Gulf of Me.xico. Commer. Fish. Rev. 29(1) : 

 47-53. 



CERAME-VIVAS, M. J., and I. E. GRAY. 



1966. The distributional pattern of benthic inver- 

 tebrates of the Continental Shelf off North Car- 

 olina. Ecology 47:260-270. 



CHENG, T. C. 



1967. Marine molluscs as hosts for symbiosis with 

 a review of known parasites of commercially im- 

 portant species. In Sir Frederick S. Russell (edi- 

 tor). Advances in marine biology, 5:1-424. Aca- 

 demic Press, New York and London. 



CHESTNUT, A. F. 



1951. The oyster and other mollusks in North Car- 

 olina, hi Harden F. Taylor (editor). Survey of 



17 



