Anchovy.— The success of the Japanese south- 

 ern waters fishery depends upon the transpor- 

 tation of hve bait from the home islands of 

 Japan to as far south as the equator (Iwasaki, 

 1970; Anonymous, 1971). Similar efforts have 

 been made in Hawaiian waters with the 

 transportation of west coast anchovy in 1932 

 (Brock, 1960). In 1971, an additional attempt 

 was made to bring anchovies from California to 

 Hawaii. More than 100 buckets (1 bucket "« 8 

 lb.) of the northern anchovy , Eugraulis mordax, 

 were brought from San Diego, Calif., to 

 Honolulu aboard a bait boat with better than 

 80% survival after 15 days. The problems of 

 mortality do not appear to be great and the cost 

 of transportation for large quantities of bait may 

 be economically feasible. 



Nehu.— A number of attempts have been 

 made to improve the keeping of nehu aboard 

 vessels (Hiatt, 1951; Pritchard, 1953; Burdick, 

 1969; Baldwin, 1970; Baldwin, Struhsaker, and 

 Akiyama, 1971). The handling of nehu for 

 better survival is summarized by Baldwin (1969) 

 and Baldwin et al. (1971). There is also a report 

 on development of a separate baitfish holding 

 facihty for nehu ([U.S.] Bureau of Commercial 

 Fisheries, 1969b). 



Others.— Studies also have been made on 

 rearing introduced species as substitutes for 

 native baitfishes. These species include the 

 threadfin shad (Iversen and Puffinburger)'* and 

 tilapia, Tilapia mossambica (Brock and Takata, 

 1955; King and Wilson, 1957; Hida, Harada, and 

 King, 1962; Uchida and King, 1962). 

 Marquesan sardine were introduced into Hawaii 

 in 1961 and are established but not in sufficient 

 quantity for bait fishing (Hida and Morris, 

 1963). 



Field Trials 



There have been several experiments designed 

 to improve the effectiveness of natural live bait, 

 as well as tests of new live bait species. Tests of 



Iversen, R. T. B., and J. O. Puffinburger. Capture, 

 transportation, and pumping of threadfin shad 

 (Dorosoma petenense). Unpublished manuscript filed at 

 National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fi.sheries 

 Center, Honolulu Laboratory, Honolulu, HI 96812. 



the natural baits are reported in Welsh (1949) 

 and Yuen (1959, 1969). Tests conducted using 

 tilapia as an alternate bait for skipjack in Hawaii 

 are reported by Shomura (1964). A report of 

 recent trials using threadfin shad as live bait in 

 Hawaiian waters is given by Iversen (1971). 



Economics and Capital Investment 



Studies were conducted to determine the 

 value of live bait to the tuna fishermen in order 

 to explore the economics of supplying live bait 

 to tuna vessels. Some estimates of the value of 

 nehu to fishermen and a breakdown on the 

 probable production costs for threadfin shad as 

 a live bait are reported by Shang and Iversen 

 (1971). Brock and Takata (1955) also provided 

 an estimate of the value of nehu to Hawaiian 

 fishermen. 



BAIT FISHERY MANAGEMENT 



Some work on the problem of defining 

 subpopulations of live bait species has been done 

 in Hawaii. Matsui (1963) reports on populations 

 of nehu in the vicinity of Maui, Strasburg (1960) 

 reports on the discovery of an offshore species 

 of nehu, and Tester and Hiatt (1952) report on 

 variations in meristic characters in the nehu. 



Management of baitfishes in the central and 

 western Pacific has not been implemented. 

 There is, however, some information on the 

 population dynamics of these fishes. Bachman's 

 (1963) thesis considers fluctuations and trends 

 in the abundance of nehu for Hawaii. The 

 present study by Murphy, University of Hawaii, 

 in Palau is the only current investigation in the 

 population dynamics of a baitfish. However, the 

 National Marine Fisheries Service is beginning to 

 study the biology of the sardine in the Marshall 

 Islands. The Fisheries Departments of the 

 Government of American Samoa and the Trust 

 Territory of the Pacific Islands are collecting or 

 will collect fishery and biological data from their 

 baiting grounds for future management investi- 

 gations. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



ALVERSON, D. L., and N. J. WILIMOVSKY. 

 1964. Prospective developments in the har- 

 vest of marine fishes. In Modern Fishing 



