and tautog to be distinguished within 

 three hours. 



Orton, G. L. 



1953. Development and migration of pigment 

 cells in some teleost fishes. J. Morphol., 

 93(1): 69-100. 



The pattern of larval development of the 

 seiiorita, Oxyjulis californica, is noted to 

 be similar to that of the cunner. 



Osbum, R. C. 



1921. Bryozoa as food for other animals. 



Science, N. S., 53(1376): 451-453. 



"Certain fishes that habitually browse 

 around ledges, rocks, wharves, etc., and 

 which have teeth adapted for cutting off 

 and crushing the shells of their prey, are 

 known to include Bryozoa in their diet 

 with some regularity. Thus, the cunner, 

 Tautogolabrus adspersus, and the blackfish 

 or tautog, Tautoga onitis, feed on bryozoa 

 along with other hardshelled organisms." 

 p. 452. 



Parker, G. H. 



1903. The optic chiasma in teleosts and its 

 bearing on the asymmetry of the 

 heterosomata (flat fishes). Bull. Mus. Comp. 

 Zool., Harvard Univ., 40: 219-242. 



Cunner was one of ten species of fish 

 examined "to ascertain whether the right 

 nerves or the left nerves are more usually 

 dorsal at the chiasmata of symmetrical 

 teleosts. . ." p. 222. 



Parker, G. H. 



1912. Sound as a directing influence in the 

 movement of fishes. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. 30: 

 97-104. 



The distribution of fish in a large wooden 

 tank was studied after allowing a 4300 g 

 iron ball to strike the outside end of the 

 tank. Cunner showed a tendency to move 

 toward the sound center. 



Parker, G. H. 



1913. Effects of explosive sounds, such as 

 those produced by motorboats and guns 

 upon fishes. Rep. U. S. Fish Comm. for 

 1911: 1-9. 



The sounds of a motor boat altered the 



behavior of cunners. They ceased feeding 

 while the running boat stood 6 ft. away 

 from baited lines. 



Pearce, J. B. 



1969. Thermal addition and the benthos. 

 Cape Cod Canal. Chesapeake Sci., 10(3,4): 

 227-233. 



"Some preliminary work with the cunner 

 (Tautogolabrus adspersus) indicates that 

 changes occur in the blood tissues of this 

 fish when it is exposed to elevated 

 temperatures. As temperatures are 

 increased the percent of red blood cells 

 decreases. Further research is necessary to 

 substantiate these findings. Again, 

 however, cunner are usually found in 

 depths lower than those predicted by 

 consulting engineers to be adversely 

 heated by discharged waters." p. 229. 



Pearcy, W. G., and S. W. Richards. 



1962. Distribution and ecology of fishes in 

 the Mystic River estuary, Connecticut. 

 Ecology, 43(2): 248-259. 



Cunner eggs, larvae, juveniles and adults 

 were collected as part of a general 

 investigation of the ichthyofauna. Labrid 

 eggs were collected between April and 

 August and were the most abundant 

 pelagic eggs collected in the estuary. No 

 differences in vertical distribution of 

 either the eggs or larvae were apparent 

 although both stages were noted to be 

 more common in the lower estuary. 



Perley, M. H. 



1852. Descriptive catalogue (in part) of the 



fishes of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. 



Rep. Sea River Fish. New Brunswick, 



Frederiction. 294 pp. 



The occurrence of the cunner in Canadian 

 waters is documented (p. 190). 



Perlmutter, A. 



1939. A biological survey of the salt waters 

 of Long Island, 1938. Section II. An 

 ecological survey of young fish and eggs 

 identified from tow-net collections. Suppl. 

 28th Ann. Rep. N. Y. Conserv. Dept., Pt. 2: 

 11-71. 



"Several thousand eggs were taken from 



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