in a linear inch. About 50,000 eggs of this 

 species obtained May 22, 1890, were 

 hatched at Woods Hole on the 5th day, 

 with a loss of only 5,000. The tidal cod jar 

 was used, the temperature of the water 

 being 56° F." p. 160. 



Ravenel, W. DeC. 



1901. Report on the propagation and 

 distribution of food-fishes. Rep. U. S. Comm. 

 Fish Fish, for 1900: 25-118. 



The cunner is listed (p. 55) as one of the 

 salt-water fishes exhibited at the aquarium 

 at Central Station in Washington, D. C. 

 during the fiscal year ending June 1900. 



Ray, C, and E. Ciampi. 



1956. The underwater guide to marine life. 



A. S. Barnes Co., New York. 338 pp. 



"The cunner (bergall), Tautogolabrus 

 adspersus is the most northern wrasse. . . 

 It reaches 15 inches and ranges from 

 Labrador to the Chesapeake." p. 256. 



Reid, M. E. 



1929. The distribution and development of 



the cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus 



Walbaum) along the eastern coast of Canada. 



Contrib. Canadian Biol., 4(27): 431-441. 



Plankton tows were accomphshed during 



the summer of 1971 at Miramichi Bay and 



Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick; 



Cheticamp, Shelbum, and St. Mary Bay, 



Nova Scotia. Differences in spawning 



season and abundance of cunner eggs and 



larvae between the various localities is 



attributed to water temperature. 



Richards, C. E., and M. Castanga. 



1970. Marine fishes of Virginia's eastern 

 shore (inlet and marsh, seaside waters). 

 Chesapeake Sci., 11(4): 235-248. 



Juveniles clung to tiles placed in 

 mid-marsh areas for oyster drill studies 

 and they remained on the tiles even 

 though lifted from the water. 



Richards, S. W. 



1959. Oceanography of Long Island Sound. 

 VI. Pelagic fish eggs and larvae. Bull. Bingham 

 Oceanogr. Coll., 17(1): 95-124. 



Eggs and larvae were sampled using a 



Clarke-Bumpus sampler from March 1954 

 to November 1955. Eggs and larvae were 

 obtained from May - September 1954, and 

 June-August 1955. The delayed 

 appearance of specimens in 1955 was 

 attributed to the time of sampling rather 

 than temperature. No significant 

 difference in sizes of cunner eggs was 

 noted from various localities in L.I.S., but 

 the average cunner egg diameter decreased 

 through the summer. 



Richards, S. W. 



1963a. The demersal fish population of Long 



Island Sound. I. Species composition and 



relative abundance in two localities, 1956-57. 



Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., 18(2): 1-31. 



Trawl hauls were taken in L.I.S. from June 



1955 to July 1957. Cunner were obtained 



seasonally at both stations, usually in the 



warmer months but never in midwinter. 



Richards, S. W. 



1963b. The demersal fish population of Long 

 Island Sound. II. Food of the juveniles from a 

 sand-shell locality. BuU. Bingham Oceanogr. 

 CoU., 18(2): 32-72. 



"Twenty-four cunners, zero to fourth 

 year, caught in spring, summer and fall, 

 ate 18 identifiable prey, of which 

 crustaceans, primarily motile amphipods, 

 were the most important. Small cunners 

 exhibited less over-all evidence of bottom 

 feeding than did the larger specimens. 

 Occasional polychaetes did not form an 

 important segment of the diet, and small 

 numbers of copepods were consumed only 

 by the 0-year class. Occasional mysids (2-3 

 mm), shrimps (5.6-16.0 mm), crabs, and 

 mollusks were primarily eaten by the older 

 cunners. Ten percent of the total 

 caprellids was consumed by 11 cunners, 

 while hydroids, in which caprellids live, 

 were eaten only by cunners from 94 to 

 138 mm. Very small cunners were 

 apparently able to select the amphipods 

 from the hydroids, whereas the older 

 cunners were not able to do so. The only 

 specimen of Orchomenella was eaten by a 

 cunner 37 mm long. Empty stomachs 

 occurred infrequently and at no particular 

 season." pp. 55-56. 



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