S. pugilis, with notes on locomotion, habitat, and shell 

 morphology. Egg masses described and illustrated. 



BARR, L., R. COOPER, R. ELLIS, W. HERRNKIND, I. 

 .COBLICK, and J. VAN DERWALKER. 



1971. Ecology and population dynamics of the spiny 

 lobster, Panulirus argus, of St. John Island, U.S. Virgin 

 Islands. In i. W. Miller, J. G. Van Derwalker, and R. A. 

 Waller (editors), Tektite 2, Scientists in the Sea, p. VI-34- 

 VI-57. U.S. Dep. Inter., Wash., D.C. 



Spiny lobster predation on S. gigas. A spiny lobster was 

 observed breaking open S. costaius. 



BERG, C. J., JR. 



1972. Ontogeny of the behavior of Strombus maculatus 

 (Gastropoda: Strombidae). Am. Zool. 12:427-443. 



Results of laboratory studies of larval S. maculatus, an 

 Indo-Pacific strombid, and field studies of juvenile S. 

 maculatus. Ontogeny of behavior such as locomotion, 

 feeding, shell-righting, and predator-escape responses 

 discussed. 



1974. A comparative ethological study of strombid 

 gastropods. Behaviour 51:274-322. 



Comparison of the behavior of 10 species of Indo-Pacific 

 strombids (Sirombus and Lambis spp.) including 

 feeding, locomotion, shell-righting, and predator-escape 

 responses. Literature on behavior of strombids reviewed, 

 revealing remarkable similarity among species. 

 Behavioral findings used to speculate on phylogenetic 

 relationships of strombids. 



1 975 . Behavior and ecology of conch (Superfamily Strom- 

 bacea) on a deep subtidal algal plain. Bull. Mar. Sci. 

 25:307-317. 



Behavior and ecology of several large gastropod species 

 from an algal plain off Puerto Rico, with special empha- 

 sis on the strombaceans 5. gallus and Xenophora con- 

 chyliophora. Observations on courtship, copulation, egg 

 deposition, escape, feeding, and locomotion of these 

 species are made, predators discussed, and abundance 

 estimates of large gastropods on the plain given. 



1976. Growth of the queen conch Strombus gigas, with a 

 discussion of the practicality of its mariculture. Mar. 

 Biol. (Berl.) 34:191-199. 



Economic importance of S. gigas and its exploitation. 

 Presents growth data based on laboratory rearing of 

 conchs through metamorphosis, rearing of juveniles in a 

 mariculture system, measuring size- frequency distribu- 

 tions of natural populations of juveniles, and reanalysis 

 of Randall's 1964 tag-recapture data. Laboratory rearing 

 through metamorphosis briefly discussed. The von Ber- 

 talanffy growth equation is used to analyze growth data 

 of mariculturally reared juveniles. Meat yields are corre- 

 lated with total weights and shell lengths. Longevity is 

 about 6 years, with sexual maturity being reached in 

 about 3 years. An age-specific survivorship curve is 



derived from Randall's 1964 data. Prospects for 

 mariculture discussed. 



BLAKESLEY, H. L. 



1977. A contribution to the fisheries and biology of the 

 queen conch, Strombus gigas L., in Belize. [Abstr.] 

 I07th Annu. Meet. Am. Fish. Soc, Sept. 15-17, 1977, 

 Vancouver, B.C., p. 12. 



Results of a survey of conch populations along the 

 northern barrier reef of Belize with notes on shell length, 

 shell Up development, sex, and sexual maturity. Sex ratio 

 was one to one, with females larger than males. Shell 

 length was not found to be a good indicator of maturity; 

 shell lip development coincided well with maturity. 

 Growth rate and catch per unit effort presented based on 

 data collected, and localized overfishing noted. 



BOSS, K. J. 



1969. Conchs. In F. E. Firth (editor). The encyclopedia 

 of marine resources, p. 135-140. Van Nostrand 

 Reinhold Co., N.Y., 740 p. 



Several large gastropods referred to as conchs discussed, 

 with emphasis on strombids. The most extensive conch 

 fishery in the world is that for S. gigas in the Caribbean 

 Sea. Strombus gigas shells are used in the curio trade and 

 conch pearls in the jewelry trade; other uses of the shells 

 include: porcelain, mortar, horns, tools, ceremonial 

 objects, and cameos. Conch fisheries in the Bahamas 

 and Turks and Caicos mentioned, and conch biology 

 including habitat, life span, sex ratio, spawning, growth, 

 fecundity, and predators briefly reviewed. 



1971. Conch fisheries. Annu. Rep. 1970, Am. Malacol. 

 Union, p. 33-34. 



Gastropod fisheries discussed, with brief reference to 

 Strombus fisheries. 



BOWER, W. J. 



1945. Egg laying process of Strombus pugilis alatus 

 Gmelin. Nautilus 59:35. 



Laying of a gelatinous egg string by S. alatus in St. 

 Petersburg, Fla. 



BREDER, C. M., JR. 



1948. Observations on coloration in reference to behavior 

 in tide-pool and other marine shore fishes. Bull. Am. 

 Mus. Nat. Hist. 92:281-311. 



Notes on the frequency of occurrence of the conchfish, 

 Astrapogon stellatus, with S. gigas and S. samba ( = S. 

 gigas) near Bimini, Bahamas. 



BROWNELL, W. N. 



1977. Reproduction, laboratory culture, and growth of 

 Strombus gigas, S. costaius and S. pugilus [sic] in Los 

 Roques, Venezuela. Bull. Mar. Sci. 27:668-680. 



Relative abundances of S. gigas, S. costatus, S. pugilis, 

 S. raninus, and S. gallus in the Los Roques area. Strom- 



