bus gigas and, to a lesser extent, S. costatus and S. 

 pugilis are fished commercially, with S. gigas being over- 

 fished. Spawning, spawning seasons, and egg masses of 

 S. gigas, S. coslatus, and S. pugilis described. Spawning 

 is attributed to temperature change. Laboratory hatching 

 and rearing of larvae, including details of phytoplankton 

 food culture and larval development described and 

 metamorphosis time given for S. gigas, S. costatus, and 

 S. pugilis. Yields of cultures and danger periods in 

 development given and food requirements of larvae and 

 juveniles discussed. Newly metamorphosed S. g/gas illus- 

 trated. Growth rates of juveniles of the three principal 

 species are given, with ecological notes on habitats and 

 associated organisms. Provides characters useful in 

 distinguishing between the juveniles of these species, 

 and figures the juveniles. Feasibility of mariculture dis- 

 cussed. 



1978. Report on the status of conch fisheries and related 

 research in Belize, Turks and Caicos, Dominican 

 Republic, Antigua, Dominica, St. Lucia, Barbados, 

 Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela, with 

 notes on three countries not visited (Cuba, Bahamas, and 

 St. Vincent). Inter-regional Project for the Development 

 of Fisheries in the Western Central Atlantic (WECAF), 

 Panama, Sept. 1978, 5 p. 



Notes on regulations, demand, prices, marketing, 

 catches, problems, processing capabilities, and fishing 

 methods in conch fisheries in the countries covered. 

 Includes brief comments on conservation and 

 mariculture possibihties. 



BROWNELL, W. N., and C. J. BERG. 



1978. Conchs in the Caribbean: a sustainable 

 resource? Sea Front. 24:178-185. 



General review of biology and fisheries for S. gigas in the 

 Caribbean Sea, including life history, development, 

 behavior, growth rate, predators, fishing techniques, and 

 uses of conch meat. Overfishing problems and 

 possibilities of mariculture and stocking of juveniles 

 mentioned. 



BROWNELL, W. N., C. J. BERG, JR., and K. C. HAINES. 



1977. Fisheries and aquaculture of the conch, Strotnbus 



gigas in the Caribbean. FAO Fish. Rep. 200, p. 59-69. 



Declines in catch rates of S. gigas in the Caribbean area, 

 with catch rates for Venezuela, 1969-1975, given. 

 Growth rates of conchs raised in captivity in Los Roques 

 and St. Croix, with probit analysis used to analyze 

 growth rates of the Los Roques conchs. Laboratory rear- 

 ing of larvae of S. gigas, S. costatus, and S. pugilis 

 discussed. Shell length of juveniles correlated with 

 marketable meat weight. Larval life and metamorphosis 

 discussed. Due to slow growth rates of S. gigas, seeding 

 of grassflats with laboratory-reared juveniles may be 

 more feasible than mariculture. 



BURRY, L. A. 



1949. A new Strombus species. Shell Notes 2 

 (7, 8, 9): 106- 109. 



Description of a new "species;' S. canaliculatus [= S. 

 gigas] from 175 fm. Elbow Key, Bahamas, with illustra- 

 tions of the shell and details of the channelled spire. 



CARRANZA, J. 



1962. Survey of the marine fisheries and fishery resources 

 of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Sc.D. Thesis, Univ. 

 Michigan, Ann Arbor, 193 p. 



Yucatan fisheries for the "green" conch, S. gigas, parti- 

 cularly the fishery of Quintana Roo. Areas of conch 

 abundance listed. Conch are taken in only small quanti- 

 ties due to lack of markets, although canning may be 

 feasible in the future. 



CHADWICK, G. H. 



1899. An attempt to define the natural groups of 

 strombs. Nautilus 13:76-78. 



Worldwide strombids grouped according to their shell 

 morphologies. Strombus gallus, S. gigas, S. goliath, S. 

 costatus, S. bituberculatus [ = S. raninus], and S. pugilis 

 included. 



CLENCH, W. J., and R. T. ABBOTT. 

 1941. The genus Strombus 

 Atlantic. Johnsonia 1(1):1-15. 



in the western 



Descriptions, synonymies, and distributions of S. 

 raninus, S. gallus, S. pugilis pugilis, S. p. alatus [ = S. 

 alatus], S. p. nicaraguensis, S. costatus, S. samba [ = S. 

 gigas], S. gigas, and S. goliath, including a key to these 

 species. 



CLIFTON, H. E., C. V. W. MAHNKEN, J. C. VAN DER- 

 WALKER, and R. A. WALLER. 



1970. Tektite 1, Man-in-the-Sea Project: Marine Science 

 Program. Science (Wash., D.C.) 168(3932):659-663. 



Sonic tags used to follow movements of S. gigas. Tagged 

 conchs moved up to 55 m per day, although old indivi- 

 duals moved little. Conchs were usually found in groups 

 of similar-aged individuals. 



COMPERE, E. L., JR., and J. M. BATES. 



1973. Determination of calcite:aragonite ratios in mollusc 

 shells by infrared spectra. Limnol. Oceanogr. 

 18:326-331. 



Strombus gigas shells primarily aragonitic with traces of 

 calcite in the surface layers. 



COOGAN, A. H. 



1968. Bahamian and Floridian biofacies. In H. G. 

 Multer (editor), Field guide to some carbonate rock envi- 

 ronments, Florida Keys and western Bahamas, p. 

 141-154. Miami Geol. Soc, Miami, Fla. 



Major biofacies of the Bahamas and Florida Keys 

 discussed and figured. Strombus samba [ = 5. gigas] and 

 S. costatus biofacies described, including bottom types 

 and associated organisms. 



