RANDALL, J. E. 



1963. Monarch of the grass nats. Sea Front. 9:160-167. 



Uses of 5. gigas, including prices and landings of conchs 

 in the Bahamas in 1959, types of vessels and gear used in 

 hooking conchs, and holding and processing methods. 

 Dangers of depletion through overfishing mentioned. 



1964a. The habits of the queen conch. Sea Front. 

 10:230-239. 



Semipopular report on conch tagging and growth studies 

 in St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Predators of S. gigas 

 which crush or swallow the entire animal include eagle 

 rays, hogfish, triggerfish, porcupinefish, and permit. 

 Other fish appear to consume only soft parts of conchs. 

 Invertebrate predators of conchs include octopus, tulip 

 shells, and horse conchs (Pteuroploca). The most impor- 

 tant invertebrate predator is a large species of hermit 

 crab. Spiny lobsters, tiger sharks, and loggerhead sea 

 turtles are also implicated as predators. Egg masses and 

 egg deposition of conchs described and a fecundity 

 estimate made. Geographical differences in conch size 

 are noted, as are changes in shells with age. Old conchs 

 have caused illness in humans and may be ciguatoxic. 



1964b. Contributions to the biology of the queen conch, 

 Strombus gigas. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb. 

 14:246-295. 



Results of a detailed study of the biology and ecology of 

 S. gigas in St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Economic 

 importance of the queen conch in the Caribbean 

 reviewed. Synonyms and forms of S. gigas (e.g., S. 

 canaticulatus, S. gigas horridus, S. samba) discussed, 

 and S. gigas distinguished from other Caribbean strom- 

 bids. Shell growth and repair examined. Length-weight 

 and volume-weight relationships, sexual dimorphism in 

 size, and sex ratios also examined. Habitats of the conch 

 in St. John mentioned. Growth rates based on a tagging 

 study are presented along with notes on locomotion and 

 movements. Results of a food study indicate that S. gigas 

 is herbivorous. Egg masses are described, fecundity 

 estimates made, and spawning behavior and seasonality 

 noted. A detailed study of predators presented, and com- 

 mensals of S. gigas reviewed. 



1965. Grazing effect on sea grasses by herbivorous reef 

 fishes in the West Indies. Ecology 46:255-260. 



Feeding of S. gigas on the sea grasses Thalassia and 

 Cymodocea and on epiphytic algae mentioned. 



1967. Food habits of reef fishes of the West 

 Indies. Stud. Trop. Oceanogr. Inst. Mar. Sci. Univ. 

 Miami, No. 5, p. 665-847. 



Reports S. gigas from the stomachs of the fishes: 

 Aeiobalis narinari, Epinephelus striatus, Trachinotus 

 falcatus, Luljanus analis, Lutjanus griseus, Lutjanus 

 jocu, Ocyurus chrysurus, Haemulon plumieri, 

 Haemulon sciurus. Batistes vetula, and Diodon hyslrix. 

 Strombis gallus is also reported from Aetobatis narinari. 



RIOS, E. C. 



1970. Coastal Brazilian seashells. Fund. Cidade Rio 

 Grande, Mus. Oceanogr. Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil, 

 255 p. 



Range, habitat notes, and Brazilian records for S. 

 costatus, S. gallus, S. goliath, S. raninus, and S. pugilis. 

 Adults of these species are figured, as are the juveniles of 

 S. goliath and S. pugilis. 



1975. Brazilian marine mollusks iconography. Fund. 

 Univ. Rio Grande, Cent. Cienc. Mar, Mus. Oceanogr., 

 Rio Grande, Brazil, 331 p. 



Range, habitat notes, Brazilian records, and shell dimen- 

 sions for S. pugilis, S. costatus, S. gallus, S. goliath, and 

 S. raninus. Adults are figured. 



ROBERTSON, R. 



1959. Observations on the spawn and veligers of conchs 

 (Strombus) in the Bahamas. Proc. Malacol. Soc. Lond. 

 33:164-171. 



Spawning of S. costatus, S. raninus, and S. gigas in the 

 Bahamas described. Egg masses of these three species are 

 described, and the egg strings of S. raninus and S. gigas 

 figured. Fecundity estimates given. Information regard- 

 ing rates of development of embryos in the laboratory 

 and notes on the veliger stages of these species provided. 

 Observations made on the "samba" form of S. gigas, 

 with comparisons to typical 5. gigas. 



1961. The feeding of Strombus and related herbivorous 

 marine gastropods: with a review and field 

 observations. Not. Nat. (Phila.), No. 343, 9 p. 



Review of the literature on feeding of strombids. Strom- 

 bus gigas, S. costatus, and S. raninus feeding habits in 

 Bimini, Bahamas, described based on field and aquarium 

 studies. Detailed comments on habitat and food items 

 are made, with notes on escape responses of Strombus to 

 tulip shells (Fasciolaria spp.). Strombus alatus and S. 

 pugilis feeding studies in Florida are also reported, with 

 descriptions of feeding behavior, food items, and fecal 

 pellets. The strombid species studied are concluded to be 

 herbivores. The "samba" form of S. gigas sometimes 

 causes ciguatera in the Bahamas, perhaps due to its algal 

 diet. 



1962. The status of Strombus canaticulatus. 

 75:128-130. 



Nautilus 



Validity of S. canaticulatus as a distinct species is ques- 

 tioned. Strombus canaticulatus proposed to be a malfor- 

 mation of S. gigas, possibly due to mantle injury. The 

 spire of the topotype of S. canaticulatus figured and 

 compared to a drawing of the spire of the holotype. 



SANDER, F., and E. A. MOORE. 



1978. Comparative respiration in the gastropods Murex 

 pomum and Strombus pugilis at different temperatures 

 nd salinities. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 60A:99-105. 



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