The flowusually ranged from 0. 1 to 0.4 m.^/sec. 

 (3 to 15 c.f.s.), but the discharges were higher 

 during the spring runoff. The water was clear, 

 slightly alkaline, and had a light color. The 

 turbidity and color were higher during in- 

 creased flows. 



Water quality data were collected from 

 January 1963 through December 1965 (table 5). 

 Aluminum, copper, iron, and magnesium con- 

 centrations remained low most of the year. 

 Concentrations of calcium, total alkalinity, and 

 total hardness, and conductivity readings were 

 lowest during the spring runoff and when flow 

 increased. The highest values were in late 

 summer or fall when the flow decreased. 

 Chlorides remained low throughout the study. 

 Concentrations of nitrate and sulfate were low 

 in the summer. Nitrite and phenolphthalein 

 alkalinity were zero for all samples. Concen- 

 trations of silica were highest in late summer 

 and winter and lowest in spring and early 

 summer. Concentrations of tanninlike and 

 ligninlike compounds were highest during the 

 spring runoff and when the flow increased, but 

 dropped as the flow receded. The lowest values 

 were in the winter. The pH values were lowest 

 during the spring runoff and highest in late 

 summer. The ranges for values of selected 

 measurements were: magnesium, 1.5 to 5.3 

 p. p.m.; calcium, 8 to 26 p. p.m.; nitrate, 0.1 

 to 2.2. p. p.m.; silica, 3.0 to 8.5 p. p.m.; sulfate, 

 2 to 22 p. p.m.; pH, 7.1 to 8.0; total alkalinity, 

 18 to 78 p. p.m.; total hardness, 26 to 82 p. p.m.; 

 and conductivity, 48 to 146 micromhos. Water 

 temperatures varied from 0° to 22° C. (32° to 

 72° F.). 



BIG GARLIC RIVER, MARQUETTE 

 COUNTY, MICH. 



The Big Garlic River, a tributary to Lake 

 Superior, was sampled at County Road 550 

 bridge in Marquette County, Mich. The main 

 stream is 10 km. (6 miles) long and has 66 km. 

 (41 miles) of tributary streams and a drainage 

 area of 80 km. 2 (31 sq. miles) (Brown, 1944). 

 The flow of the Big Garlic River usually ranged 

 from 0,3 to 3.3 m.3/sec. (9 to 117 c.f.s.), but 

 discharges were higher during the spring run- 

 off. The water was clear, slightly alkaline, and 

 had light to moderate color, although turbidity 

 and color were higher during increased flows. 



Water quality data were collected from 

 August 1962 through December 1965 (table 6). 

 Aluminum, copper, and iron concentrations 

 rennained low throughout the year. Magnesium 

 concentrations dropped during the spring runoff 

 and varied little the remainder of the year. 

 Concentrations of calcium, total alkalinity, and 

 total hardness, and conductivity readings were 

 lowest during the spring runoff. These values 

 increased as the flow decreased and were 

 highest in late summer and fall. Chlorides re- 

 mained low throughout the study. Concentra- 



tions of nitrate were low from May to Novem- 

 ber. Nitrite and phenolphthalein alkalinity were 

 not detected. Silica was highest when flows 

 were low in late summer and winter. Sulfate 

 concentrations were highest in winter. Tannin- 

 like and ligninlike compounds were highest 

 during the spring runoff and when flow in- 

 creased but dropped as the flow decreased. 

 The pH values were lowest during the spring 

 runoff and at other times when flows in- 

 creased. The ranges for values of selected 

 measurements were: magnesium, 1.5 to 5.8 

 p. p.m.; calcium, 6 to 20 p. p.m.; nitrate, 0.1 

 to 2.9 p. p.m.; silica, 3.0 to 9.5 p. p.m.; sulfate, 

 3 to 22 p. p.m.; pH, 7.0 to 7.9; total alkalinity, 

 14 to 62 p. p.m.; total hardness, 20to66 p. p.m.; 

 and conductivity, 40 to 124 micromhos. Water 

 temperatures varied from 0° to 21*-" C. (32° to 

 70° F.). 



FORD RIVER, DELTA COUNTY, MICH. 



The Ford River, a tributary to Lake Michigan, 

 has its origin in Dickinson County and flows 

 through Marquette and Menominee Counties 

 to its mouth in Delta County, Mich. The main 

 stream is 179 km. (Ill miles) long and has 

 407 km. (253 miles) of tributary streams and 

 a drainage area of 1,225 km. 2 (473 sq. miles) 

 (Brown, 1944). The U,S. Geological Survey 

 (1964) reported an average flow of 9.7 m. 3/sec. 

 (342 c.f.s.) for 1954-60; the yearly average 

 ranged from 6.6 to 18.0 m. 3/sec. (233 to 

 640 c.f.s.). The water was clear, slightly 

 alkaline, and moderately colored. Turbidity 

 and color became higher when flows in- 

 creased. 



Water quality data were collected from 

 December 1962 through December 1965 (table 

 7): regularly at State Highway M-95 bridge; 

 intermittently at County Road 581 bridge in 

 Dickinson County; bridge in section 19, 5 km. 

 (3 miles) west of Woodlawn, Mich.; and the 

 mouth of the Ford River. Aluminum, copper, 

 and iron concentrations varied little throughout 

 the year. Concentrations of magnesium, cal- 

 cium, total alkalinity, and total hardness, and 

 conductivity readings were lowest during the 

 spring runoff and when flow increased. These 

 values increased as the flow decreased and 

 were highest in winter and late sumnner. 

 Chlorides were low during the spring runoff and 

 high when flows were low in late summer. 

 Concentrations of nitrate, silica, and sulfates 

 were lowest in the summer. Nitrite was re- 

 corded on four occasions. Concentrations of 

 tanninlike and ligninlike compounds were 

 lowest in the winter and highest during the 

 spring runoff and when flows increased. The 

 pH values were lowest during the spring runoff 

 and highest when flows were low in summer 

 and fall. Phenolphthalein alkalinity was in two 

 samples. The ranges for values of selected 

 measurements were: magnesium, 7.8 to 27.0 



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