originally developed for mammalian cells show 

 some promise of applicability to fish . The 

 first method, holding blood at 4°C. in the pre- 

 sence of a small amount of isotonic acid-citrate- 

 dextrose solution has been shown to be applic- 

 able to goldfish cells (Hildemann, 1954) . We 

 have found this method works quite well with 

 the cells of chinook salmon, ( Oncorhynchus 

 tshawytscha), but is not as successful with the 

 cells of sockeye salmon, ( Oncorhynchus nerka). 

 The second method, freezing the cells in the 

 presence of glycerol, has been applied to the 

 erythrocytes of the shiner seaperch, (Cymato - 

 gaster aggregata) , by Cushing and Beaver (1955), 

 but the details of the method must apparently be 

 adapted to each different species being studied. 

 We have successfully preserved sockeye salmon 

 red cells by a modification of this method for 

 periods in excess of a month. 



Boyd, W 

 1950. 



Briles, W 

 1950. 



Cumley, 

 1943 



R 



LITERATURE CITED 



Genetics and the races of man. 

 Little, Brown and Co., Boston. 



E. ( W.H. McGibbon, and M.R.Irwin 

 On multiple alleles effecting 

 cellular antigens in chickens. 

 Genetics 35, :633-652. 



W . , and M . R . Irwin 

 Individual specificity of human 

 serum. J. Immunol. 46:63-70. 



Cushing, J. 

 1942. 



An effect of temperature upon 

 antibody -production in fish. 

 J. Immunol. 45:123-126. 



In conclusion, some of the advantages of 

 using red cell antigens in racial studies are 

 listed: 



1. Whenever studied, the blood cell anti- 

 gens have been shown to be genetically controlled. 

 Variations in environment do not affect the blood 

 type. 



2 . The frequencies of occurrence of genes 

 controlling cellular antigens have been found to 

 differ significantly between races of man and be- 

 tween breeds of cattle. By means of these 

 frequencies, races may be characterized or 

 defined . 



3. Once sufficiently potent antisera are 

 prepared, the test for blood cell antigens is a 

 relatively simple operation which could be car- 

 ried out in the field or on board ship. 



4. Commercially caught fish could be 

 tested for their complement of blood cell antigens 

 without damage to their commercial value since 

 only a small amount of blood is required. 



5 . When unit serological reagents have 

 been prepared, they would be of value as mark- 

 ers in studying the genetics of fish, the migra- 

 tion of fish and the precision of their homing 

 abilities . 



Cushing, J. E., and Elsye Beaver 



1955. The preservation of intact fish 



erythrocytes during freezing and 

 thawing. Unpublished manuscript . 



Cushing, J.E. 



1952 . Individual variation in the hemag- 



glutinin content of yellowfin tuna 

 and skipjack bloods . J. Immunol. 

 68:543-547. 



Dobzhansky, T . , and C . Epling 



1944. Contributions to the genetics, 

 taxonomy, and ecology of 

 Drosophila pseudoobscura and its 

 relatives. Carnegie Inst . Wash. 

 Pub. 554:1-183. 



Dujarric de la Riviere, R., P. Millot, and 

 A. Eyquem 

 1952. Les groupes sanguins des moutons. 

 Compt. Rend. 234:1714-1716. 



Fujino, Kazuo 



1953 . On the serological constitution of 



the Sei-, Fin-, Blue- and Humpback 

 Whales. Sci. Repts. Whales Res. 

 Inst. (Tokyo) 8:103-124. 



Gemeroy, D. G. 



1943 . On the relationship of some common 

 fishes as determined by the precip- 

 itin reaction. Zoologica 28:109-123. 



41 



