Those portions of the King Saln-ion system 

 that lie within the southwest corner of the 

 monunnent are Contact, Angle, and Takayoto 

 Creeks. Angle Creek is a tributary of Taka- 

 yoto Creek which joins Contact Creek to form 

 the King Salmon River. Two small intercon- 

 necting lakes, which Cahalane (1959) called 

 Cozy Lakes, drain into Contact Creek. 



The Naknek system has seven interconnect- 

 ing lakes and is by far the largest and most 

 complex drainage in the monument (fig. 2). 

 Murray and Hammersly, the uppermost lakes, 

 lie outside the north boundary of the monument; 

 Coville, Grosvenor, Brooks, and Idavain Lakes 

 all lie wholly in the monument; and the lower 

 part of Naknek Lake is west of the monument. 

 All of the lakes are of glacial origin (MuUer, 

 1952). Six of them essentially occupy single 

 basins, but Naknek Lake has six distinct 

 basins (fig. 2): Iliuk Arm, North Arm, North- 

 west Arm, and South Bay are basins separated 

 from each other by shallow, narrow connec- 

 tions; Bay of Islands is a distinct area at the 

 east end of North Arm; and the West End is 

 a shallow outwash plain of earlier glacial 

 activity. 



All of the lakes are dimictic oligotrophic 

 lakes. ^ They are usually ice free from early 

 May until early Decennber. Murray and Ham- 

 mersly Lakes lie about 488 m. elevation and 

 are ice free 4 weeks less than the other lakes. 

 Surface water temperatures during the summer 

 reach 12° C. in all lakes except the shallowest 

 lake, Coville, where they reach 15° C. Thermal 

 stratification is seldom strongly developed or 

 persistent during the summer. Oxygen is at or 

 near saturation at all depths at all times of 

 the year. Iliuk Arm is the only basin that 

 receives drainage directly from glaciers and 

 from the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes; 

 it is extremely turbid; visibility is usually 

 less than 15 cm. 



The largest streams in the Naknek system 

 are American, Hardscrabble, Ikagluik, Margot, 

 Bay of Islands, and Headwater Creeks, and 

 Coville, Grosvenor, Savonoski, Rainbow, Ukak, 

 and Brooks Rivers. In general, these streams 

 have midsummer flows in excess of 3 m.ysec. 

 Naknek River itself, which drains Naknek 

 Lake, lies outside the monument. 



A number of tundra ponds, beaver ponds, 

 and small tundra lakes occur along the west- 

 ern margin of the monument. These bodies of 

 water are shallow, frequently contain sub- 

 merged and emergent aquatic vegetation, and 

 occasionally have no surface connections with 

 major stream systems. Often a series of these 

 ponds is connected by slow-flowing streams or 

 marshes that go nearly dry during periods of 

 low runoff. In the monument this aquatic 



Hartman, Wilbur L., and Robert L. Burgner. 1968. 

 Limnology of sockeye salmon-producing lakes in south- 

 western Alaska. Manuscript on file. Bur. Commer. Fish. 

 Biol. Lab., Auke Bay, Alaska, 51 pp. 



habitat is confined to the Bristol Bay area; 

 it becomes a prominent feature of the tundra 

 west of the monument boundary. 



SHELIKOF STRAIT DRAINAGE 



Fresh-water drainages in the Shelikof Strait 

 area are characterized by numerous short and 

 isolated systems, many of which consist only 

 of stream habitats or of streams and small, 

 insignificant lakes. Some drainage systems 

 have lakes up to 4.8 km. long, but none have 

 large interconnecting lakes. Variety in stream 

 and lake habitat in Shelikof Strait drainages 

 comes not from a single large complex sys- 

 tem but from numerous small and relatively 

 simple ones. The shoreline of the strait has 

 gently curving bays and rugged fiords; about 

 20 distinct systems drain into the heads of 

 the major bays. These bays, from south to 

 north along the coast of the monument, are as 

 follows: Kashvik, Katmai, Dakavak, Amalik, 

 Kinak, Missak, Kuliak, Kaflia, Kukak, Hallo, 

 and Kaguyak (fig. 2). The streams that flow 

 into these bays are between 4.8 and 32.2 km. 

 long, and generally have steep gradients. Most 

 of them are unnamed; notable exceptions are 

 Katmai River and Alagogshak and Soluka 

 Creeks, which flow into Katmai Bay. Mageik 

 and Martin Creeks flow into Katnnai River. 

 North of Hallo Bay the coastline becomes 

 more regular and continues in a large sweep- 

 ing arc that includes the easternmost promon- 

 tory of the Alaska Peninsula, Cape Douglas 

 (fig. 1). Big and Swikshak Rivers (fig. 2) drain 

 much of this section of the coastline. In the 

 northernmost part of the monument several 

 small streams flow north from glaciers on 

 Mt. Douglas into Kamishak Bay of Cook Inlet 



(fig. 1). 



Coarse ash and pumice, principally from 

 volcanic activity in 1912 (Griggs, 1922), is 

 many meters deep over much of the terrain in 

 the southeast portion of the monument. Several 

 streams in this area, including Katmai River, 

 Soluka Creek, and unnamed streams that flow 

 into the head of Kukak Bay, carry heavy silt 

 loads from the ash-laden watersheds. These 

 streams have unstable beds and are exten- 

 sively braided. Other large braided strean-is, 

 which have less ash and pumice on their 

 watersheds but carry silt loads from glaciers, 

 are Swikshak River and two streams that flow 

 into Hallo Bay. Not all streams along the 

 strait, however, are braided or carry heavy 

 silt loads. Those flowing from Dakavak Lake, 

 from Kuliak Bay Lake, to and from Devils 

 Cove Lake, Alagogshak Creek, and Big River 

 all have fairly stable streambeds with moder- 

 ate gradients. 



Besides the principal terminal streams, 

 short lateral streams drain the steep moun- 

 tain slopes along the sides of the fiordlike 

 bays along Shelikof Strait. Many of these 



