removal of the camera from the housing, 

 since the controls for this purpose are now 

 mounted in the camera unit. This operation 

 would be greatly simplified by housing such 

 controls in the camera-control unit. 



General Remarks 



LITERATURE CITED 



AMERICAN CINEMATOGRAPHER 



1956. Photographing the television 



image. October, pp. 604, 606, 

 624-625. 



The success of underwater television 

 in studying stationary objects is so firmly 

 established cind well documented that we 

 scarcely need comment on the subject. We 

 have experienced little difficulty in observ- 

 ing the bottom and bottom invertebrate fauna. 

 The high sensitivity of Image Orthicon 

 television requires only the addition of a 

 limited number of standard underwater lamps 

 to obtain good pictures at the bottom in 

 depths beyond the limits of natural illumi- 

 nation. Cable problems in this usage should 

 not be serious in depths up to 100 fathoms. 

 The effect of currents may be overcome by 

 using a heavily weighted mounting stand. 



Observing fishing gear in motion is 

 somewhat more difficult than observing the 

 bottom because of the operational problems 

 which have been related on previous pages. 

 Many more applications than we have described 

 would be possible except that the visibility 

 in New England waters is usually limited to 

 10 to 20 feet. This relatively short range 

 of view greatly limits the use of televi- 

 sion. If observation of the gear alone is 

 the object, a wider opportunity is provided 

 since the work can be carried out where vis- 

 ibility conditions are ideal, probably in 

 more southerly waters. The limitations on 

 geographical range of species to be studied 

 usually restrict the choice of working area. 



Studying behavior in otter trawls is 

 possible because the gear guides the animals 

 into a restricted area. Observing uncon- 

 fined fish in the sea is an entirely differ- 

 ent matter. Attempts to observe individual 

 and unconfined fish will be limited to 

 brief unsatisfactory glimpses of fleeting 

 forms. However, some application to the 

 locating of masses of fish at the bottom or 

 in the mid-depths seems feasible. The eval- 

 uation of underwater television for this 

 work must await the development of suitable 

 vehicles. Various types so far developed 

 for other purposes have not been applicable 

 to this work, although some encouragement 

 is afforded by developmental work going on 

 at present in this field, mostly for mili- 

 tary purposes. 



BACKUS, R. H., AND H, BARNES 



1957. Television-echo sounder observa- 

 tions of raid-water sound scatters. 

 Deep-Sea Research, vol. 4, pp. 

 116-119. 



BARNES, H. 



1952. Underwater television and marine 

 biology. American Scientist , 

 vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 679-681. 



1953. Underwater television and research 

 in marine biology, bottom topo- 

 graphy and geology. Part 1. A 

 description of the equipment and 

 its use on board ship, Deutschen 

 Hydrographischen Zeitschrift, vol. 

 6, No. 3, pp. 123-133. 



1955. Underwater television and resejirch 

 in marine biology, bottom topo- 

 graphy cind geology. Part 2, 

 Experience with the equipment. 

 Deutschen Hydrographischen Zeit- 

 schrift, vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 213- 

 236. 



1956. Underwater television and dockyard 

 practice. Chartered Civ. Engr., 

 London, November, pp. 3-7. 



CAMERON, W. M. 



1955, An investigation of scallop-drag 

 operation with underwater televi- 

 sion equipment. National Research 

 Council of Canada, Radio and Elec- 

 trical Engineering Division, ERB- 

 378/17, 4 pp. 



CROSS, E. R. 



1954. Underwater photography and tele- 

 vision. Exposition Press, New 

 York, 258 pp. 



CUERRIER, J. P., E. H. SCHULTZ, AND 

 K. E. P. SOLMAN 

 1953. Underwater television in fresh- 

 water fisheries research. Trans- 

 actions 18th North American 

 Wildlife Conference, Technical 

 Session, vol. 2, pp. 259-278. 



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