Table 44. --General formula and Ingredients for 



artificial seal milk, St. Paul Island, 1 July to 4 

 August 1966 



Component Percent 



Protein ■ ■ . .^ 8.4-12.4 



Calcium caseinate (85 percent protein) 

 Fish flour t fine grind for animal use^, 

 73 percent protein) 



Fat 30.0-40.0 



Whale oil, ( baleen, bleached tri- 

 glyceride) ^ 



Water 45.0-57.0 



Supplements 0.81 



BO-SE (R) ( selenium'' .00001 



and vitamin E) .0075 



DL methionine'"' • ^ 



Glycerin' ■ ^ 



Additives .11 



Antioxidant-Ethoxyquin (Santoquin [R])* .01 

 Eraulsifier- lecithin (soybean, oil not 



removed) ^ .1 



■'' Nutritional Bioohemicals Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. 



^ VioBin Corp., Monticello, 111. 



^ Del Monte Fishing Co. , San Francisco, Calif, and 

 Bureau of Commerical Fisheries Technological Labora- 

 tory, Seattle, Wash. 



* Haver Lockhart, Kansas City, Mo. 



' Colgate-Palmolive Co., New York, N.Y. 



* Monsanto Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo. 



their umbilical cords disinfected, and were 

 marked b'y clipping nunnerals from 1 to 7 in 

 the guard hairs of the head; the 8th pup was 

 not nnarked. On the 8th da'y the'/ were treated 

 for lice and on the 17th da'y for possible 

 hookworm infestation. 



Supplements . --Diets high in polyunsaturated 

 fats require relativel'y high levels of vitannin 

 E. Selenium and methionine reduce the re- 

 quirement for vitamin E (Witting and Horwitt, 

 1964). Glycerin enables some aninnals to 

 utilize free fatt'y acids in a carboh'ydrate- 

 free diet (Renner, 1964). 



Additives. --Ethoxyquin prevents oxidation 

 of fat and potentiates vitamin E. The emul- 

 sifier lecithin was used to keep the oil in 

 suspension. (Separation of the oil after inges- 

 tion ma-y lead to oil inhalation and foreign 

 bod'y pneumonia.) 



Because of the high vitamin and mineral 

 content of fish flour and whale oil, no supple- 

 ment was added. Antibiotics ma'y have been 

 beneficial in 1963 and 1964, when the experi- 

 mental diet and methods of care were inade- 

 quate, but they showed no observable benefit 

 in 1965; therefore, the'y were not given to pups 

 in 1966. 



Experimental Design 



Changes in number of feedings and announts 

 fed of two variations of a formula (C and F) 

 were tried (table A-25). Formula C contained 

 equal parts of fish flour and calcium caseinate; 

 formula F was identical except that it con- 

 tained no calcium caseinate. Four pups (num- 

 bers 1 to 4) were fed formula C and four 

 (numbers 5 to 8) were fed formula F. Each 

 lot contained two females (numbers 1, 3, 5, 

 and 7) and two males (numbers 2, 4, 6, and 

 8). 



Preparation of Formula 



Composition of Formula 



The general formula and ingredients, based 

 on analysis of five samples of fur seal nnilk 

 (Ashworth, Ramaiah, and Keyes, 1966), are 

 given in table 44. 



Rationale for ingredients . --Most ingredi- 

 ents were selected because they gave the 

 best results of those tested in 1965 (Keyes, 

 1966). 



Protein. --Calcium caseinate was used in 

 place of casein because it is more soluble 

 and forms a more stable suspension. 



Fats . --Whale oil, found superior to men- 

 haden oil, was bleached^ to remiove impurities 

 but not distilled as in the past because dis- 

 tillation removes oil-soluble vitamins. 



^ The oil was mixed with clay and charcoal, and agitated 

 under vacuum at 60° to70°C., at the Bureau of Commercial 

 Fisheries Technological Laboratory, Seattle, Wash. 



The formula, which was prepared just before 

 each feeding, and the ingredients were kept 

 at room temperature. Dry ingredients and 

 water, and fat and emulsifier had to be 

 blended separately before they could be mixed 

 together. Because calcium caseinate required 

 excess water to make a fluid suspension with 

 the other ingredients, numerous modifica- 

 tions of the original formula and amounts fed 

 were made to make formula C and F alike in 

 total solids (table A-25). 



Feeding 



The method of feeding was that described 

 by Wilson (1966).' One new feeding instru- 

 ment was used- -a toy plastic syringe which 

 would deliver up to 230 cc. Amounts of 

 formula fed to each pup daily are given in 

 table A-26. 



See footnote 6. 



44 



