prevailing temperature, but is subject to a 

 biochemical oxygen demand as it percolates 

 through the ground and after it reaches the 

 water table. The extent of this biochemical 

 oxygen demand depends on temperature and 

 on the quality and quantity of organic matter 

 through which the water must pass. 



Despite depletion of its oxygen by organic 

 matter, ground water in certain places con- 

 tains a relatively large amount of dissolved 

 oxygen, even as it enters a stream or lake 

 beach. Benson (1953) wrote that attempts 

 to locate ground water in Pigeon River, 

 Mich., by chemical methods were futile. This 

 implies that ground water that entered spawn- 

 ing areas of Pigeon River was neither higher 

 nor lower in dissolved oxygen content than any 

 other water he sampled in the stream. Up- 

 welling ground water in lake beaches in 

 Alaska and the Kamchatka Peninsula must 

 contain sufficient dissolved oxygen to support 

 the races of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus 

 nerka) that successfully spawn on these beaches 

 year after year. Krogius and Krokhin (1948) 

 reported that dissolved oxygen in ground water 

 in sockeye salmon spawning grounds in Lake 

 Dalnee ranged from 1.5 to 13.5 mg./l. but 

 more often from 5 to 6 mg./l. Kurenkov 

 (1957) said that oxygen saturation of spring 

 water in Kamchatka was as high as 90 to 95 

 percent. 



Sampling of Indian Creek ground water was 

 confined to point locations in 1958. In 1959 

 the same points plus two 4 by 4 Latin squares 



were used. (Figure 2 shows locations of the 

 installations.) 



Sampling points were distributed in the 

 banks and over the gravel bar. Depths of 

 standpipes in relation to a datum plane and 

 each other are shown in figure 3. Water- 

 table heights were determined by measuring 

 distance from top of pipe to surface of water 

 within the pipe. 



The two 4 by 4 Latin squares were in- 

 stalled so that the shallowest four stand- 

 pipes would usually reach the top of the 

 water table (missing data in tables 2 and 8 

 resulted when standpipes did not reach the 

 water table). Each of the three remaining 

 sets of four pipes was placed 7 inches deeper. 

 Distance from the shallowest four pipes to 

 the deepest four pipes was then 21 inches. 



Data from point locations in 1958 and 1959 

 (table 1) indicate that, in general, ground 

 water that contributed to the Indian Creek 

 riffle was characterized by low dissolved 

 oxygen levels, except in late winter and 

 early spring. At this time of year, when 

 ground-water temperatures are lowest, in- 

 crease in dissolved oxygen is attributed to 

 decreased biochemical oxygen demand of or- 

 ganic materials in the ground-water aquifer. 



Data from the Latin squares (table 2) in- 

 dicate that during the sampling period dis- 

 solved oxygen in ground water was generally 

 low. Oxygen levels in Latin square 1 were 



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4 1 67 3 664 ^-^55 " a«'W 



IS %0 



91 



eiA 



LS II , Bonk 



10 

 Scol« "-* Fttt 



eO0 LS 1, Bonk 



.'„P~ool No. 6,5 



Figure 2. --Indian Creek study area 1 showing location of standpipes, Latin squares, 

 and ground-water extension from bank to stream experiment (A). 



