Anderson, Knapp, Wilson, and Miles 

 and Simmons. Miles and Simmons, give 

 the following information: 



1. Other sports and commercial 

 fishes were taken in very small quan- 

 tities with menhaden. As the result of 

 one study the figure given was one 

 animal to 4,490 menhaden or 0.024 

 percent, including shrimp and crabs. 

 The fishes caught with 5,326,000 men- 

 haden were 36 gafftopsails (Bagre 

 marina), 75 crabs, 91 jacks (Caranx 

 hippos), 103 croakers {Micropogoti un- 

 dulatus), 191 shrimp, 205 Spanish 

 mackerel (Scontberomorus maculatus) , 

 242 sand trout (Cynoscion), 304 blue- 

 fish (Pomatomus saltatrix), and a few 

 others, all less than 8 each. The total 

 was 7,589 other fishes. 



Another study showed that 2,183 

 other animals, including shrimp, crabs 

 and squid were taken with 2,500,000 

 menhaden. 



2. Mackerel were found with 

 smaller menhaden and bluefish were 

 found with larger menhaden in offshore 

 waters. Bluefish appeared when the 

 snnaller menhaden were replaced by 

 larger ones in July. Crabs, shrimp, 

 sand trout and croakers were usually 

 taken in shallow waters. Bluefish, 

 mackerel, tarpon, jacks and sharks 

 seenned to be the main predators on 

 menhaden. 



3. Forty species of fish, com- 

 prising 26,005 individuals were ex- 

 amined for stomach contents. Of these, 

 13,288 were sea trout, Cynoscionnebu- 

 losus 3,428 were Spanish mackerel and 

 3,137 were redfish, Sciaenops ocellata. 

 The remainder were 38 other species 

 of fishes. They contained 581 menhaden. 

 The percentages eaten by the common 

 fishes were given. Menhaden were not 

 preferred food of the common sports 

 and comnnercial fishes. 



4. Knapp showed that the stomachs 

 of menhaden, mullets and "shad", 

 remaining intact in the stomachs of 

 predators after other parts had been 

 digested, could be identified by their 

 s hape . 



Knapp (1950) presented some of 

 the same data and came to similar 

 conclusions. 



Filipich (I947) made five unan- 

 nounced checks of menhaden boat un- 

 loadings at Mississippi factories. In 

 295 tons of menhaden unloaded, one 

 mackerel and 6 white trout were found. 



Gowanloch (1949) reviewed the 

 menhaden-sports fisherman contro- 

 versy and concluded that no harm was 

 done to sports fishes by the menhaden 

 industry. 



Christmas, Gunter and Whatley 

 (i960) reported a study of fishes other 

 than menhaden taken in menhaden purse 

 seines in waters around the mouth of 

 the Mississippi River and in Missis- 

 sippi Sound during the 1958 and 1959 

 seasons. Samples were taken from 

 catches which totaled nearly 2 million 

 pounds. In numbers of fish, more than 

 97 percent of the sampled catch were 

 menhaden. The other fishes observed 

 included 62 species. Brevoortia pa- 

 tyonuS was the only menhaden found in 

 the catch. The fishery was generally 

 prosecuted in shallow, low-salinity 

 waters. Seventy percent of the sampled 

 menhaden catches were made in waters 

 of salinities between 5 and 24 parts per 

 thousand. Surface water temperatures 

 at the sampled seine locations varied 

 from 22.6° to 30.5° C. Lower tem- 

 peratures were encountered at the 

 beginning and the end of the fishing 

 season. Fishing started in May when 

 water temperatures rose to About 23° C . 

 and stopped in the fall when surface 

 waters reached approximately the same 

 temperature again. 



SUMMARY 



Three of the five North American 

 species of menhaden have been found 

 in the Gulf of Mexico. The present 

 distribution, based on the published 

 record, is: 



1. Brevoortia gunteri, Grdiridlsle, 



Louisiana westward and southward to 

 the Gulf of Campeche. 



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