subsidies granted toward the erection or operation of freezing 

 establishments and other miscellaneous direct' subsidies. All 

 direct bounties and subsidies are non-recoverable cash outlays by 

 the Government, and reach the recipients in the form of direct cash 

 payme nts o 



In the case of indirect bounties and subsidies (indirect 

 assistance), cash payments are not made directly to fisheries enter- 

 prises; the Government either lessens the costs of operations by 

 granting certain privileges, entirely relieves the fisheries enter- 

 prises from carrying on certain necessary activities, or extends 

 financial accomodation in the form of loans -which, otherwise, -would 

 not be obtainable. Thus, indirect bounties and subsidies are, for 

 example; governmental loans or guarantees of loans to fisheries 

 enterprises; miscellaneous indirect subsidies for example, home 

 market promotion activities carried on by the government; and 

 exemptions from customs duties or from taxes on commodities used 

 in fisheries. It appears that the governmental loans are the most 

 important type of indirect bounties and subsidies granted to 

 fishermen. With -the exception of loans, all indirect assis-tance 

 represents non-recoverable cash outlays or losses on the part of 

 the go-vernmento 



Another foim of aid vhich is indirect and sanetimes results 

 in financial benefit to fishermen is the practice of some na-tions 

 to maintain ice or refrigerated -warehouses in fishing districts. 

 The governments usually charge a foe for the use of these facili- 

 ties but often it is an aunount considerably under -t*iat the fishermen 

 -would have to pay for the ser-vice if any pri-vate firm were at all 

 disposed to conduct the service « 



Other cash paymen-ts "to fishermen -which do not constitute an 

 integral part of definite governmental policies toward fisheries, 

 and do not represent normally recxirring encouragement to -the fishing 

 industry, are lumped under '*Emergency relief* , This aid, going to 

 needy fishermen, was called into existence by extraordinary conditions, 

 and is likely to cease -with the improvement of general economic con- 

 ditions in the respective countries. 



Finally, under "Other Governmental Aid", are listed all o-ther 

 types of assistance, classed in t-wo main groups; (1) facilitation 

 services, and (2) administrative functions of departments or bureaus 



