areas where stream levels are dependent upon rain- 

 fall. An intermediate timing of the runs occurs in 

 the region lying between the mainland and outer 

 coastal areas. Three major time divisions are used 

 to indicate the peak period that the major species 

 are found in the stream. "Early" designates peaks 

 before August 15; "middle", peaks between August 

 15 and September 15; "late", peaks after Septem- 

 ber 15. The range of time in which the major 

 species are found in the streams is given by months. 



Escapement magnitude . --These are esti- 

 mates of the total escapement, based on stream 

 counts of the peak abundance of salmon, multiplied 

 by a certain factor. This factor was determined from 

 stream tagging experiments conducted at Herman 

 Creek in 1953 by the Fisheries Research Institute, 

 who found the total escapement was between two and 

 three times the peak count. The range of the escape- 

 ment magnitude is given in thousands. 



Spawning facilities . — This includes a gen- 

 eral classification rating of poor, fair, good, excel- 

 lent, etc. The rating is based on estimates made by 

 various individuals. 



Stream temperaturei .--In this classification 

 the following general ranges are used for each 

 stream. Each range is for the 3-month period (July, 

 August, and September) in which the majority of 

 the salmon spawning migrations occur: 



Cold range, averaging less then 50* F. , 

 usually an early run stream. 



Normal range, averaging between 50* F. , 

 and 55° F. , usually a middle run stream. 



Warm range, averaging over 55° F. , usu- 

 ally a late run stream. 



These ranges generally correspond to the 

 geographic location of the stream and time of the 

 runs. Where only limited temperature information 

 is available for a stream, the range has been esti- 

 mated from its location and timing of run. Cold- 

 range streams are usually found along the mainland 

 or on the larger islands in the northern part of 

 Southeastern Alaska. Warm-range streams are usu- 

 ally found along the outer channels and coastal 

 areas, which are dependent upon precipitation as 

 the primary source of supply. The normal-range 

 streams appear to fall geographically between and 

 may combine characteristics of both cold- and 

 warm -range streams. Timing of the salmon runs, 

 especially pink salmon, also follows the geographic 

 distribution outlined above. Recording thermograph 

 data, available from a number of streams with 

 known escapement timing, have been used as a 

 basis for comparison. 



Valley description. --Glacial, stream -cut, 

 etc. , describe valley origin with a general descrip- 

 tion of the outstanding features such as length, 

 width, timber, slopes, directions, etc. They have 

 been obtained from aerial photographs and by 

 direct observations. 



Drainage area. --This has been either esti- 

 mated in square miles or computed with a polar plan- 

 imeter from aerial photographs. Estimates of the 

 drainage area of large systems have been taken from 

 the small-scale, key, composite photographs and are 

 less reliable. Data from Water Power of South- 

 eastern Alaska 1947 a re included when available. 

 Descriptions are given of supply sources, drainage 

 topography, and characteristics governing water 

 quality and temperature ranges during spawning from 

 the editor's interpretation of aerial photos and local 

 knowledge. 



Stream mouth identification. — This is a 

 description of some general features visible at the 

 stream mouth. 



Anclioraqe. --Descriptions of temporary 

 anchorages which have been used for short stops by 

 stream survey vessels are given. Overnight and storm 

 anchorages are given in the U. S. Coast Pilot . 



Trails and survey routes. --These include 

 descriptions of trails that have been used by ground 

 parties on stream surveys. Where other than the 

 streambed was used, a description of routes is given, 

 including difficult points, identification, outstand- 

 ing features, presence of brown bear, etc. 



Aerial survey notes . --The notes include 

 remarks from various individual observations on the 

 visibility in each stream and the conditions con- 

 sidered necessary for adequate observations. Ap- 

 proaches to valley, starting points, and any known 

 hazards are described from aerial surveyor's notes and 

 the editor's knowledge of the area. 



Intertidal Zone 



Length. --The distance is given in miles 

 from mean high to mean low tide, obtained from 

 aerial photographs measured to the nearest tenth 

 of a mile. Where low tide locations were not known 

 the measurement was made from the edge of tidal 

 flats visible in the photographs. 



Average width . --TTiese estimates in feet 

 based on observations by various individuals. 



Average depth. — These are estimates in 

 inches, or in feet in larger systems, based on ob- 

 servation by various individuals. 



