Manchester Memoirs, Vol. Ixi. \1g17). No. 6. 11 



The great kingdoms of West Africa, Bene, Dahomey, 

 Ashanti, with sacred kings, a warrior nobility, commoners and 

 slaves, and a sun-cult, were in a region which has most prob- 

 ably been subjected to Egyptian influence, both directly and 

 by sea round the west coast. Human sacrifices were common 

 in these states. 



The evidence gained from Oceania, America, Asia, and 

 Africa, affords support for the results obtained from the con- 

 sideration of Indonesia. All over the world warfare is bound 

 up with a social organisation consisting of sacred chiefs or kings, 

 a hereditary governing and warrior aristocracy, commoners, and 

 slaves captured in war ; it is also accompanied by a sun-cult 

 or a sky-cult. In these communities slaves are sacrificed, often 

 on the death of chiefs, and heads are sometimes sought for the 

 funerals of chiefs, and for other purposes. Warfare among 

 many of these peoples is also the means of entering a specially 

 desirable home of the dead, generally situated in the sky. 

 We have found that it is not possible to explain the warlike 

 or pacific spirit of peoples by postulating an instinct of pug- 

 nacity. We have now seen that a warlike spirit is associated 

 with a military aristocracy. We also see that the social organi- 

 sation connected with warfare was introduced into Indonesia, 

 Oceania, perhaps America, Japan, India, Africa, by immigrants 

 who, in India. Africa. New Caledonia, Indonesia, and perhaps 

 America (native traditions tell of the coming of culture heroes), 

 were called the " children of the sun." Warfare was introduced 

 among the Bontoc and Luzon and other Indonesian peoples by 

 the "children of the sun"; it was also introduced into South 

 Africa, and probably elsewhere. The facts suggest, there- 

 fore, that the practice of warfare was introduced into various 

 parts of the world by peoples, sometimes claiming to be des- 

 cended from the sun, and possessing a sun or sky cult, who 

 introduced a form of social organisation consisting of sacred 

 chiefs, a hereditary governing and warrior aristocracy, com- 

 moners, and slaves, who also caused a special prestige to be 

 attached to the practice of warfare.'^^ 



If these statements are true, it will follow^ that warfare 

 IS not a natural thing among mankind. Before the arrival of 

 the " children of the sun " savage peoples would be at the stage 

 of the Punan, Bushmen, Tikopians, Eskimo, and others — peace- 

 ful, without hereditary chiefs or warriors, nobles or slaves. 



The conclusion suggested by the facts is that a people 

 will be warlike or peaceful, according as they have or have not 

 a hereditary warrior aristocracy; if a warlike community loses 

 its military aristocracy, it will become peaceful, and if a peace- 

 ful community acquires a warrior aristocracy, it will become 

 warlike. 



38. It does not follow that the same people took the culture all 

 over the earth. Doubtless different races acquired it and then in their 

 turn influenced others. One of the tasks of the future will be to follow 

 up these secondary movements. 



