vi Proceedings. [IsJoveuiber i^th, igi6. 



until the closing phases of the Neolithic. Some of these various 

 strains wandered far from their area of characterisation ; and 

 when brought into contact with other stocks were able to 

 transmit their culture. Thus it is possible to explain how, even 

 in the remote period usually called palaeolithic, identical 

 methods of chipping stone implements in widely separated 

 localities can be regarded as certain evidence of the derivation 

 of the technique from a common source, though the actual 

 makers of the weapons may be of different races. 



Further, a particular culture-complex may have been built 

 up of practices and customs derived from varied sources; and 

 the particular set of them which became intermingled in one 

 area, and the type of culture which develops as the result of 

 the blending of these ingredients is peculiar to and distinctive 

 of that area. For example, the well-defined culture complex 

 which is commonly called neolithic, is characteristic of Europe 

 and the immediate neighbourhood : nor in fact was it 

 synchronous or of similar composition in different parts of 

 Europe. But when one passes to the East or the South, 

 although all the ingredients out of which the European 

 neolithic was compounded may be found, there is no phase of 

 culture which can justly be labelled neolithic in the same sense 

 that the term is applied in Europe. 



Mr. Maurice Copisarow, M.Sc, read a paper entitled 

 ** Trinitrotoluene." 



The paper, dealing with Trinitrotoluene, comprised the 

 study of: — 



1. Its chemistry, with special reference to its i)hysical and 

 chemical properties and use as an explosive. 



2. Its manufacture and formation of intermediate and by- 

 products. 



3. Purification methods. 



4. Peculiarities of acidity-determinations. 



5. Recovery and utilisation of residues as explosives and 

 dyes. 



6. The action of alkalis on trinitrotoluene and the forma- 

 tion of addition, substitution, and condensation products. 



This paper wilf be printed in the Memoirs after the war. 



Ordinary Meeting, November 14th, igi6. 



Mr. T. A. Coward, F.Z.S., F.E.S., Vice-President, 

 in the Chair. 



Mr. William Thomson, F.R.S.E., F.I.C., exhibited and 

 described parts of a German bomb. 



