60 



(arctica) with these are mixed enormous numbers of the 

 detached valves of the giant barnacle, Balanus Hameri. 



The extensive accumulations of shells at Kapellbackar 

 differ in constitution from that of ordinary " raised beaches " 

 where the shells are dispersed through beds of sand and 

 gravel ; here they seem to have been heaped and collected 

 together in a bay among the rocks, by the action of marine 

 currents, without being buried in sand or shingle. 



The shells are often filled with a fine earthy clay, in 

 which fragments of broken shells, etc., are largely mixed, 

 but the clay seems as much like a wash from the land as a 

 marine deposit. 



That these mollusks and barnacles lived and flourished 

 close to where they are now found, is shown by the frequent 

 finding of the two valves, of some of the conchifera, closed 

 and in juxtaposition ; this statement is more clearly proved 

 in the case of the barnacles, as their basal plates have been 

 found attached to the rocks against which these deposits 

 are heaped. This circumstance is mentioned by Alexander 

 Brogniart in the early part of the present century; he 

 reports, having found near the top of the hill, and a little 

 above the heaps of shells, several balani still adherent to 

 the rock. 



Balanus Hameri is said to be an inhabitant of deep 

 water, therefore the proof is furnished that the sea once 

 covered the tops of these hills, and that they remained 

 submerged at a depth, and for a period sufficiently long, to 

 permit of countless generations of these balani to live and 

 contribute their calcareous shields to the heaps we have 

 described. 



The time required for these operations must be counted 

 by centuries of years if we attempt to estimate the time 

 it would take to amass these extensive deposits, which have 



