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in history to be the vice of the English nation. Independence 

 was united to attachment, preventing them from separating 

 without good cause. In conducting the struggle of industry, 

 many of the captains of industry had their commissions only 

 by purchase, not by merit. They had not learned their 

 trade. There were, in reality, no institutions where the 

 thorough knowledge could be gained. Such institutions as 

 taught portions of it were not attended. Badly educated 

 masters belong to the dangerous classes. The best men 

 rise, because talent is always before capital. Take capital 

 to a place and it will be lost without talent; take talent and it 

 will make capital. 



As to the men they have a right to unite ; who will help 

 them if they never call out ? Pity it is that strikes represent 

 the ignorance of the workmen ; the best men are busy raising 

 their condition, not striking. The men generally, like many 

 of the masters, refuse to learn. They ought to combine, not 

 to fight, but to make themselves better workmen. It is 

 amazing how difficult it is to get good workmen. If masters 

 united with their best men, all might assist each other, and 

 where there is success this is really done. 



The only way that workmen can rise is by intelligence ; 

 just as it is by intelligence only that the master can maintain 

 his position. Some of the best masters are men who have 

 accumulated property by intelligence and industry. 



Intelligence in workmen causes a rise in wages, entirely 

 irrespective of supply and demand. Instances were given in 

 which there is a constant and established habit of looking to 

 the condition of the employed and to what he might be sup- 

 posed to expect. Supply and demand are generally used as 

 gross words that skim over great difficulties. They have 

 been treated as merely physical, but when moral considera- 

 tions enter, supply and demand alter their conditions, and the 

 physical laws must give way, because there are moral feelings 

 in men stronger than their love of gain. 



