Manchester Memoirs, Vol. xlvi. (1902), No. 10. 33 



(2) the several forms of nebular, stellar and planetary 

 bodies ; (3) the crystalline and other forms of mineral 

 species ; (4) the organised forms of vegetable and animal 

 life. All these qualities and forms which constitute matter 

 are, individually, finite and destructible, but the species 

 throughout infinite space are eternal. Should the infinity 

 of substance and of matter, as herein defined, be denied, 

 then, by the above definition of space, the quantity of 

 substance and matter in the universe would be infinitesimal 

 or less than any assignable quantity, compared with the 

 illimitable space beyond, which is absurd. 



Rest : — That state of substance, by which it remains 

 in the same position absolutely in relation to infinitesimal 

 and infinite space ; but it is not affirmed that any part of 

 substance is actually in a state of absolute rest. This 

 definition includes the relative positions of bodies to each 

 other and the molecular and molar statics of all bodies. 



Motion : — That attribute of substance, with its modes, 

 by which it changes its position absolutely in relation to 

 infinitesimal and infinite space. This definition includes 

 the relative motions of bodies to each other, and the 

 molecular and molar motions of all bodies. Whence it 

 follows that a body cannot be in absolute motion and at 

 absolute rest at the same moment. Nor can there be any 

 motion, or other modes or qualities, without substance 

 notwithstanding the assertions of some idealists to the 

 contrary. 



Time: — Space, substance, matter, rest and motion are 

 objective realities, whether the mind perceives them or 

 not. But, as no one of these fundamental objectivities 

 constitutes time, either in succession or in conjunction, 

 the idea must consequently be sought for in the mind 

 itself. Time, therefore, may be defined as that operation 



