2 SUTCLIFFE, Tendencies ?h Prehistojic AntJncpology. 



horses beint; an element in the middle liocene fauna of 

 Europe, so \vc can say that man also occurred at that time. 

 To do so, however, is to beg the question at issue. Were 

 it not for the wonderfully complete series of horse ancestors 

 now known, it would be impossible to recoj^iiise the 

 Eocene and 01it2,'ocene horses (^Pachy)iolophus), etc., as in 

 any way related to those now living, and in the same way 

 we should not recognise our ancestors of that period. 



For the purpose of this work ''Man'' is taken as 

 including only members of the genus Homo, or rather of 

 the family Hominidje bearing the same relation to the 

 family Simiid.Ts that the sub-family Equina^ {OnoJiippidion, 

 Hippidion, and Equus) does to the family Equid^e {Hyra- 

 cotheriuni, AncJiithei'hnn. Hipparion). This family ( Homi- 

 nidae) may be taken to include PitliccantJuopus, Eoanthro- 

 pus and Hovio. 



For the general discussion it may also be taken to 

 include all makers of implements which show evidence of 

 design. 



The European evidence of man's high (prepleistocene) 

 existence is of two kinds : (r/) Direct through the dis- 

 covery of tools in early gravels, and {b) indirect, depend- 

 ing on theoretical conclusions. 



{a) The direct evidence depends mainly on the 

 chipped flints, commonly called Eoliths. These flints 

 (and cherts) have been found in many places and in 

 deposits of all ages, and have a general resemblance ; 

 they are rough, natural pieces of flint which are chipped 

 round the edges. Examples which call for special mention 

 are the series from the plateau gravels of Kent, first col- 

 lected by Mr. Benjamin Harrison and brought to scien- 

 tific notice by the late Sir Joseph Prcstwich. 



The cherts from the middle Miocene of Aurillac are 

 also of importance, and the flints from the basement bed 



