Manchester Memoirs, Vol. Ivii. (191 3), No. 7. 5 



The first certain Primates occur in the Wasatch 

 (Lower Eocene) of North America in the genus Anapto- 

 niorphus, a small, very primitive Tarsius-like form, with 

 tritubercular molar teeth. The same, and some other 

 genera, occur in the top of the lower Eocene of America, 

 in the Wind River formation, where they attain to a 

 rather larger size. 



In the European Upper Eocene we get typical 

 Primates. Adapis and Nec}-o/eimir ?iVQ lemur-like animals, 

 the largest about the size of a fox terrier. 



The associated mammals include many groups which 

 became extinct during the Oligocene and Miocene 

 (Lophiodonts, Pal^eotheres, Dichobunids, Anthracotheres, 

 Ancodonts, Xiphodonts, Dichodonts, Anoplotheres, and 

 Hyaenodons, together with primitive horses, pigs, lemurs, 

 squirrels, insectivorcs, primates, and carnivores). 



No animals which have an}- claim to be considered 

 the actual ancestors of the ruminants are known. 



The first anthropoids in the widest sense of that term 

 have been found in the Oligocene- of the Ea)um, Egypt. 

 They represent three distinct genera, one of which has 

 every appearance of being an ancestral higher ape or man. 

 This animal, Propliopitheais, which has been described 

 by Schlosser, is of ver}- small size (about that of a new- 

 born human infant) and is solely represented b\^ one 

 ramus of a lower jaw in the Stuttgart Museum. 



The associated fauna includes extremely primitive 

 members of the Proboscidea before that group had 

 acquired its characteristic dentition and trunk. 



There are also representatives of many families or 

 orders of ungulates which have since died out ; and at 

 the same period, in Europe and North America, were 

 living amongst innumerable t\-pcs whose lines subse- 

 quently became extinct the very primitive ancestors of 



