42 Lange, Bessemer, Goransson and MiisJiet. 



taking out a patent in 1808 tor adding manganese, or 

 manganiferous ores, to iron ores for the production of 

 iron to imitate the Continental steels made from spathic 

 ores, Klaproth's accurate analyses of manganiferous 

 iron ores were already then available. Karsten carried 

 still further Mushet's investigations into the carbon 

 contents of various steels and irons, and he, still further, 

 showed the effect of sulphur in producing red-shortness, 

 and of phosphorus in producing cold-shortness. 



The investigations of Berthier, Berzelius and Karsten 

 on blast furnace and refinery slags, and the reduction of 

 iron by carbon, threw important light on the working and 

 control of furnace charges. The alloys of iron and steel 

 were investigated by Stodart, Faraday, Berzelius, Stro- 

 meyer and others. 



The analyses of iron and steel and other metallurgical 

 researches by Liebig, Gay-Lussac, Davy, Wohler, Wilson, 

 Thompson and others were made known by the publica- 

 tions of Hartmann. In 185 1, appeared Rammelsberg's 

 handbook on the chemistry of metallurgy, and, in 1855, 

 the handbook of Bruno Kerl, and, in the same year, the 

 work of Truran in England. In 1857, Gruner pointed 

 out that the acid slag of the Bessemer converter barred 

 the removal of phosphorus. In fact, the period of 185 1 

 to i860 was very rich in metallurgical literature, mostly 

 of German and Swedish origin. It is not possible to do 

 more here than thus give a brief glance over the wide 

 range of technical knowledge appertaining to iron and 

 steel that existed prior to Bessemer's discover}', yet it is 

 sufficient to illustrate the old lack of co-operation between 

 practice and theory, a feature not unknown to-day, as 

 those who, like myself, have occasionally to investigate 

 new processes have had opportunity of observing. One 

 cannot, indeed, help but reflect, on reading about Besse- 



