Birds in Relation to their Prey. 35 



Of the Satyrines used, Yphtldma, Mycalesis, unci llenotena 

 are small, brown, low-flying butterflies, the tirst two with 

 feebler flight and relatively fearless habits, the last, a paler 

 brown, better at hiding itself, and usually warier. 



In the Pininse, or " Whites," IVrias comprises the small 

 bright yellow butterflies so common in South Africa, Belenois 

 medium-sized whites with dark margins and (often) ner\ures, 

 Mylothris with an orange base to the wings, and Leptoria the 

 small, delicate, dainty "wood-whites." All four, and the 

 last two particularly, seem to come low in the estimation of 

 the average bird, and they possess mimics. Catopsilia 

 fioretla is the common, large, strong-winged " white,^' with 

 some females white, some yellow, and with a very active 

 flight. The removal of its strongly-attached stifl:" wings 

 sometimes oives a bird much trouble. 



The Papilioninse comprise our Swallow-tails — some, it is 

 true, without the swallow-tail. Of those to be mentioned, 

 Papilio demodocus (often in Agricultural Journals called 

 demoleus, but that is the Indian form) is the very large 

 yellow-and-black-chequered butterfly, the larva of which is 

 so destructive to orange-trees. P. lyceus is the large, 

 common, black butterfly with a metallic blue or green bar 

 across both wungs (represented by white on the male's 

 underside). Papilio anyolanus, also common, is white with 

 a broad, black, white-spotted margin that in the fore wing- 

 occupies in addition the whole apical half, and with crimson 

 bars to its wings on their under surface. Papilio dardanns 

 is, in the male, a very large lemon-yellow butterfly with 

 swallow-tails, a black fore-wing margin. and apex, and a 

 broken, black, submarginal band in the hind wing. Its 

 females nearly resemble it in Madagascar, but in Africa 

 resemble closely instead various quite unrelated butterflies 

 belonging totheDanainoe and Acrseinse, lack the swallow-tails, 

 and are known as forms cenea^ liippocoon, trophonius, &c. 



The remaining insects used hardly require description 

 here. It will be seen that on Crateropus (of the birds here 

 dealt with) I tested various other defences besides nauseous- 

 ness. Birds' methods, as against each of these, and other 



3* 



