January 20th, 1920.] Proceedings. xiiL 



General Meeting, January 20th, 1920. 



Sir Henry A. Miers, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. {President), 

 in the Chair. 



Mr. Thomas Horner, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane), A.I.C., Chemist, 9, Elm- 

 Bank, Humphrey Street, Crumpsall, Manchester; Mr. Samuel Kershaw. 

 L.D.S., Dentist, 167, Cheetham Hill Road, Manchester ; Miss Dorothy 

 Gladys Coward, M.Sc, Headmistress of the Broughton and Crumpsall 

 High School, Manchester, The Broughton and Crumpsall High School, 

 Manchester ; and Mr. Sydney H. Higgins, M.Sc, Chief Research 

 Chemist, The Bleachers' Association, Ltd., Manchester, The Research 

 Department, The Bleachers' Association, Ltd., 4, Norfolk Street,. 

 Manchester; were elected Ordinary Members of the Society. 



Ordinary Meeting, January 20th, 1Q20. 



Sir Henry A. Miers, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. {President), 

 in the Chair. 



A vote of thanks was passed to the donors of the books on 

 the table. These included " Cheap Steam," vol. 3 (4-to.,, 

 London, 1919), presented by Messrs. Edward Bennis & Co., 

 Ltd. 



A valuable gift by Mr. Henry Boddington, J. P., of Pownall 

 Hall, of a portrait of Henry D. Pochin, one time Mayor of 

 Salford, in his chemical laboratory, was exhibited at the Meet- 

 ing; and it w 7 as unanimously resolved that the best thanks of 

 the Society be accorded to Mr. Boddington for his generous gift. 



Professor W. M. Calder, M.A., read a paper entitled 

 " Geography and History in the Mediterranean ." 



Professor Calder described in detail the relation of the 

 Mediterranean as a whole to the series of great plains lying to 

 its north and south y and to the mountain systems known as 

 the " roof of the world," running from the north of India to the 

 Eastern Mediterranean, and reappearing in Greece, the Alps, 

 the Pyrenees, and the Atlas mountains in the north of Africa. 



After explaining how the main geographical features of the 

 countries bordering the Mediterranean had influenced the 

 development of their communications and trade and the growth 

 of their states and institutions, Professor Calder showed that 

 the group of routes entering the Mediterranean area came from 

 the raw material producing districts in Central Asia and the 

 Monsoon Countries, and down the valley of the Nile from 

 Equatorial Africa. In the Mediterranean area these routes met 

 the great roads passing into Northern and Western Europe A 

 great deal of ancient history coincides with the varying degrees 

 of importance of these routes. In the eastern part of the 



