46 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [JANUARY 
elsewhere by conditions induced by human agency. Thus the 
area east of the lake, beyond the line fence, is characterized by 
an absence of forest and a scanty development of shrubs, though 
tamaracks once stood there within the memory of old settlers, 
and the stumps are still present. After they were cut, continued 
pasturing prevented their coming in again and favored the 
development of sod. West of the fence, however, where stock 
has been excluded, there is a good development of both trees 
and shrubs, and no sod has been formed. South of the ditch to 
the west of the lake the tamaracks were cut off, perhaps fifteen 
years ago, and cassandra and other shrubs have come in, with a 
multitude of young tamaracks which will eventually kill out the 
cassandra. A portion of this area, where the tamaracks were 
cut, was burned over in or near 1890. Following the burning, a 
dense growth of Marchantia covered the ground, but it has all 
disappeared since, and the ground is now occupied by 
Populus tremuloides, Populus grandidentata, Salix rostrata, S. lucida, 5. 
amygdaloides, S. cordata X sericea ?, Pyrus arbutifolia melanocarpa, ieee 
dasycarpum, Cornus stolonifera, Larix americana, Rubus villosus, R. strigo- 
sus, Rhus glabra, Pteris aquilina, Osmunda cinnamomea, O. regalis, Poa 
pratensis, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Typha latifolia, and other species, consti- 
tuting a swamp clearing society. Occupation by a much wider range of 
species is possible and often occurs.3 
The general topography and the extent of the vegetable 
deposits show at a glance that this lake was once much larger 
and its level some higher than at present. By digging a series 
of holes in the basin through the peat the bottom contour of 
the old lake is seen to conform to the present contour of the 
surrounding hills. It is thus found that the old lake included 
the marsh north of the road, for a boring in the road near the 
sluice shows 2* (61°) of till, washed in and brought in to build 
the road, and below that 7 3 i2.4™) of peat. A series of borings 
100" (30™) apart (fg. 5) shows that to the east of the line 
fence the lake was comparatively shallow, shown by the 8 to 
9" (2.4-2.7™) of peat, with a gently sloping bank on the eastern 
side, as would be expected from the contour of the present hill. 
The above lists were made in 5 
: pring, and accordingly include few composites, 
The attempt has been made to give representatiye lists rather than complete ones. 
