296 BOTANICAL GAZETTE © [APRIL 
from my standpoint, and in the absence of some other consideration, 
I would readily accept the view that the Salicaceae should follow the 
Tamaricaceae, the reduction of the flowers being correlated with close 
crowding in a specialized inflorescence. In regard to the entomophi- 
lous origin of Populus, it may be mentioned again that Warming regards 
the several species of Salix occurring in Greenland as anemophilous. 
The relation of Amarantaceae to an entomophilous group and its 
recent anemophilous character is implied by the position to which it 
has been assigned. Some of the family are entomophilous and poly- 
spermous. ‘The more familiar anemophilous species are monospermous, 
but still retain the useless habit of opening to discharge a single seed. 
Betulaceae has a pistil with two stigmas and a two-celled ovary with 
one ovule in each cell. The fruit is one-seeded and indehiscent, but 
was evidently developed from a polyspermous one. 
Fagaceae usually has three stigmas, three-celled ovaries, with two 
ovules in each cell, ripening into one-seeded fruits. Sometimes, how- 
ever, in Castanea, the fruit contains two or three seeds, although it has 
lost the power of discharging them. Here we have evidence of a 
change from a polyspermous, entomophilous condition. 
The Juglandaceae have a pistil with two stigmas and an incom- 
pletely two to four-celled, one-ovuled ovary. The fruit is apparently 
syncarpous and the anemophilous condition only a stage in advance of 
that of the Betulaceae. 
The Ulmaceae appear to be syncarpous. Ulmus has a pistil with two 
stigmas, a one to two-celled ovary with one to two ovules, and the fruit 
monospermous. Morus has two stigmas and a two-celled ovary. 
The Juncaceae are placed in the entomophilous group of Liliales. 
Some of the species are entomophilous, others autogamous or cleisto- 
gamous. The anemophilous ones are polyspermous, indicating a4 
recent entomophilous origin. The fruit is evidently tricarpellary. 
On the supposition that the Typhaceae are representatives of prim- 
itive anemophilous monocotyledons, it is hard to account for the fact 
that Sparganium sometimes has two stigmas and a two-celled, two- 
ovuled pistil ripening into a two-seeded indehiscent fruit. Typha has 
the fruit dehiscent, although one-seeded, and the pollen in fours. The 
occurrence of persistent tetrads is of itself enough to establish a pre- 
sumption of an entomophilous origin. Such compound pollen grains 
occur in Anonaceae, Magnoliaceae, Empetraceae, Ericaceae, Vaccini- 
aceae, Epacridaceae, Pyrolaceae, Onagraceae, Amaryllidaceae, and 
Juncaceae—all entomophilous except the last. In connection with 
