] BRIEFER ARTICLES 297 
e case of Typha may be mentioned the statement of Bentham and 
ooker that some Araceae have * pollen in farciminula conglomera- 
m (pollen vermiforme).” The Typhaceae seem to be anemophilous 
scendants of the entomophilous Araceae. The reduction of the 
ers seems to have been connected with close crowding on the 
ix, followed by further reductions after the anemophilous habit 
established. 
_ In the Glumales we find a great group of anemophilous plants with 
he pistil one-ovuled and the fruit one-seeded. From the fact that the 
lowers are crowded in highly specialized inflorescences I would con- 
lude that their seemingly simple structures are the result of degrada- 
ion. The pistil has two or three stigmas, from which I conclude that 
ne fruit is syncarpous and developed from a polyspermous stock. 
emophily may account for a stigma becoming plumose, but | do 
t see how it will account for the presence of two or three stigmas. 
While I think the claims of any anemophilous plants which I know 
0 being representatives of primitive anemophilous forms can be refuted 
thout resorting to any speculative considerations, there are some 
peculative difficulties which may be mentioned. On the supposition 
t the angiospermous prototype was anemophilous, I can hardly 
magine any conditions under which it would be advantageous for the 
Ovules to become inclosed in a carpel. A single ovule could hardly 
be pollinated any better, and more than one could hardly be pollinated 
‘SO well. If, on the other hand, the pollen was carried by insects, we 
an understand how a number of ovules might become inclosed in a 
arpel and be more effectively pollinated than they were before. Sol 
inclined to regard the angiospermous prototype as having been 
Yspermous and entomophilous. Here it may be well to cite the 
fact that the recently discussed cases of plants which are doubtfully 
Ictoyledonous, or which seem to point more or less significantly to a 
ine from which the dicotyledons and monocotyledons may have had 
insects or by disturbances reducing the number of insects of that kind. 
~ Some conditions in the behavior of bees may also have favored the 
tt of many diclinous plants to anemophily. The primitive anthoph- 
insects probably visited flowers chiefly for nectar. Adaptations 
