ll> JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 



X;itnr;il associates of Kriorrva on tlioso ^-i-avcl IxmIs woro 

 lirnun.l-lu'ctlcs ..r the -eiiera Omnplnoii. Srl<iyi//<'Hius, Diischir- 

 iits, lloubidiuiii ajul A^/oiiodcnis : click heetles, ('ii/j)tii]iiip)iHs, 

 and r()vo-b(>otl(>s, of wliicli Padiiiis. Luflnnhiinii and Cii/p- 

 tiibi)i)ii were the ooininoiiest foi'ins. A laruc larva nf Cnii/fhiUs 

 alumt ready to pupate and an aimndance of laixiv and pnp:v of 

 luirse flies, 'raliaiiifhc. were taken. 



The lai-vu" of L'. spiimsn wei'e fonnd in lireat nniiihers in these 

 -•■ravel-hanks on ^\:\y 1. 'I'hey oc.Mii-red with yonn- and niatnro 

 pnp;v of /•-'. hiii(ji( nrtiis which were enierii-inii' in li'i'eat nnnihers 

 at this time. On .Afay 27. hoth larva' ami pupa' of .^plimsa were 

 found to he very ahundaut, larv:r being- nu)re numerous in the 

 wetter places. pujhT iu the dryor spots. They oceurred at 

 various distances from the water's edge, from within a foot 

 to as far back as eight or ten feet from the shore. The pupa» 

 occur iu short, more or h'ss vertiial burrows, from one to three 

 inches below the surface. Xot often wei'e lai'va' and ]>u]y,v 

 found in close proximity to oiu' another. Pupa' of spiiiiisa. as 

 well as all others of the tril.e so far as known, are very active 

 when removed from their hui'i'ows. wi-iggljno- ra]>idly to and 

 fro, and are e.xceediugly tenacious of life. Larva>, as found on 

 May 27, were mostly contracted; a few, however, were expand- 

 ed and had the subterminal segment of the abdomen swollen. 

 In this regard it may ])e mentioned that almost all of the 

 larvjf of crane-flies that live in the sand or mud along stream 

 banks, have this power of inflating the end of the abdomen. 

 Tjarva> of Erioptcrini, Limnophiluii, Pc/lirini and TJiwdfomhi] 

 have been observed with this consi>icuous enlargement. It is 

 apparently used to i>ropel the larva through the soil by alter- 

 nate expansion and contraction of the segment. 



Larva; of this species were ])laeed in breeding-jais on ^Fay 

 l.'l, and adult flies emerged on the 28th. It is probable that the 

 pupal stage is not longer than ten to twelve days, but this 

 was undoubtedly accelerated by the increased wai'mth of the 

 laboratory. The natural pupal period may be as long as two 

 weeks. On May .">0, a large number of larva' and i)npa' wei-e 

 biought into the laboratoiy in a liucket of gravel. Some of tlie 



