a square wave shape help to compensate for 

 highly resistive waters. 



The reactions of fish differ among indi- 

 viduals and sizes within a species and among 

 species in their reactions to identical stimu- 

 lating electrical currents. Although resistivity 

 of fish flesh probably decreases with in- 

 creasing temperature, the temperature at 

 which a fish makes its maximal response to 



electrical stimulation may vary among 

 species. 



A,c, is more damaging to fish than d.c. or 

 pulsed d.c. In normal fishing with pulsed d.c, 

 fish mortalities are rare, except when a fish 

 is subjected to a prolonged exposure to an 

 intense electric current or placed in water 

 that has a high temperature or low concen- 

 tration of oxygen. 



LITERATURE CITED 



ABE, NOBORU. 



1935. Galvanotropism of the catfish Para- 

 silurus asotus (Linne). Sci. Rep. Tohoku 

 Imp. Univ., 4th ser., (Biol.) 9(4):393. 

 406. 



ADELMAN, W.J,, JR., and D.C. HASKELL. 



1957. The excitability of the brown trout. 

 Physiol. Compar, Oecol. 4(4):375-387. 



BODROVA, N. v., and B. V. KRAYUKHIN. 



1958. O reaktsii ryb na vozdeistvie elek- 

 tricheskin-i tokom, (The reaction of 

 fish to electric current.) Tr.Soveshch. 

 Ikhtiol. Komm. (Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R.), 

 (8):124-131. In Russian. [Transl. avail. 

 Bur. Comm. Fish. Biol, Lab., Boothbay 

 Harbor, Maine.] 



BURNET, A. R. M. 



1959. Electric fishing with pulsatory direct 

 current. New Zealand J. Sci. 2(1):45- 

 56. 



CALIFORNIA MARINE RESEARCH 

 COMMITTEE. 

 1950. California Cooperative Sardine Re- 

 search Program. 54 p. 

 COOPER, S., and J. C. ECCLES. 



1930. The isometric responses of mam- 

 malian muscles. J. Physiol. 69(4):377- 

 385. 

 FISHER, K. C, and P. F, ELSON. 



1950. The selected temperature of Atlantic 

 salmon and speckled trout and the effect 

 of temperature on the response to an 

 electrical stimulus, Physiol. Zool. 

 23(l):27-34. 

 GRAY, J. 



1936. Studies in animal locomotion. IV. The 

 neuromuscular mechanism of swimming 

 in the eel. J. Exp. Biol. 1 3(2): 1 70- 1 80. 



GROODY, TOM, ANATOLE LOUKASHKIN, and 

 NORMAN GRANT. 

 1952. A preliminary report on the behaviour 

 of the Pacific sardine ( Sardinops cae- 

 rulea) in an electrical field. Proc. 

 Calif. Acad. Sci. 27(8):31 1 -323. 

 HALSBAND, E. 



1956. Die Beziehung zwischen Intensitat 

 und Zeitdauer des Reizes bei der elek- 

 trischen Dur schstromung von Fischen. 

 (The relation between intensity and 

 duration of the stimulus with electrical 

 perfusion of fish.) Archiv fUr Fisch- 

 ereiwissenschaft 7(1):74-81. [Transl. 



avail. Bur. Comm. Fish. Biol. Lab., 

 Seattle, Wash.] 

 HASKELL, DAVID C., and W. J. ADELMAN. 

 1955. Effects of rapid direct current pulsa. 

 tions on fish. N. Y. Fish Game J. 2(1): 

 95-105. 

 HASKELL, DAVID C., JOHN MACDOUGAL 

 and D. GEDULDIG. 

 1954. Reactions and motion of fish in a 

 direct current electrical field. N.Y. 

 Fish Game J. l(l):47-64. 

 HAUCK, FORREST R. 



1949. Some harnriful effects of the electrical 

 shocker on large rainbow trout. Trans. 

 Amer. Fish. Soc. 77:61-64. 

 HOLZER, WOLFGANG. 



1931. Uber eine absolute Reizspannung bei 

 Fishchen. (On the absolute stimulus-- 

 voltage for fish.) Pfluger's Archiv fiir 

 die Ges. Physiol. 229(2): 1 53- 172. 

 JOHNSON, LEON D. 



1960. The night of the spider. Wise. Con- 

 serv. Bull. 25(6):3-6. 



LATTA, WILLIAM C, andGERALDF. MYERS. 



1961. Night use of a direct-current electric 

 shocker to collect trout inlakes. Trans. 

 Amer. Fish. Soc. 90(l):81-83. 



LENNON, ROBERT E., and PHILLIP S. 

 PARKER. 

 1958. Applications of salt in electrofishing. 

 U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. 

 Fish. 280, iv + 1 1 p. 

 LOEB, HOWARD A. 



1957. Night collection of fish with elec- 

 tricity. N.Y. Fish Game J. 4(1):109- 

 1 18. 

 MCCAULEY, R. W. 



1960. The role of electrical conductivity of 



water in shocking lampreys ( Petro- 



myzon marinus ). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 



17(4):583-589. 



MCLAIN, ALBERTON L., and WILLIS L. 



NIELSEN. 



1953. Directing the movement of fish with 

 electricity. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., 

 Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 93, ii + 24 p. 



MCMILLAN, F. O. 



1928. Electric fish screen. U.S. Bur. Fish., 

 Bull. 44:97-128. 

 NAKATANI, ROY. 



1954. The average specific electrical re- 

 sistance of some salmonids. Univ. 



14 



