latero-ventrally and has a correspondingly long surface of insertion on the palato-quadrate. The 

 ventro-lateral edge of this surface of insertion forms a long line which begins anteriorly at the ant- 

 erior end of the mesial plate of the entopterygoid, extends the füll length of the line of attachment 

 of that plate to the palatine, ectopterygoid and metapterygoid, lying in the V-shaped space between 

 the tvvo limbs of the bone, and then, beyond the entopterygoid, Grosses the inner surface of the 

 metapterygoid to the hind edge of the body of that bone. There it turns upward along the hind edge 

 of the internal one of the two membrane flanges on the hind edge of the metapterygoid, crosses onto 

 the inner surface of the thin web of bone that fills the angle between the anterior articular head and 

 the shank of the hyomandibular, and turning dorso-anteriorly follows the line of origin of that web 

 its füll length. The muscle thus has its insertion partly on the hyomandibular, but mainly on the 

 palato-quadrate. 



PALATINE. 



The palatine contains endosteal and ectosteal components, indistinguishably fused. The 

 endosteal component forms the thickened body of the bone, and its curved, relatively long and rod- 

 like anterior end. The ectosteal component is a plate-like portion which projects ventro-laterally 

 from the ventral edge of the endosteal component. The anterior portion of this ectosteal component 

 is thicker than its posterior portion, and the ventral edge of this thickened anterior portion is gar- 

 nished with small villiform teeth. The curved, anterior, rod-like portion of the bone is capped with 

 cartilage, articulates with the dorsal surface of the maxillary, as already fully described, and is the 

 maxillary process of the bone. At the base of this maxillary process there is a small but sharp tr^ns- 

 verse ridge, the anterior surface of which is capped with cartilage and articulates with the inferior 

 surface of the anterior palatine process of the ethmoid cartilage. Immediately anterior to this arti- 

 cular process of the palatine, on the dorso-mesial surface of the maxillary process of the bone, a little 

 flattened surface gives insertion to the rostro-palatine ligament. Directly opposite this little surface, 

 QU the dorso-lateral surface of the bone, a similarly flattened surface gives insertion to the ventro- 

 mesial end of the lachrymo-palatine ligament. On the mesial surface of the body of the bone, on a 

 ridge that lies immediately postero-ventral to the base of the maxillary process, the strong broad 

 vomero-palatine ligament has its insertion; the ligament running antero-mesially to its surface of 

 origin on the ventral surface of the vomer. 



Posterior to the base of the maxillary process, the body of the palatine expands rapidly and 

 soon ends abruptly, this part of the bone being somewhat demicone-shaped, with its flat surface 

 presented ventro-mesially. Its hind end connects by synchondrosis with the anterior end of a block 

 of cartilage that corresponds to the middle cartilaginous remnant of my descriptions of the palato- 

 quadrate of Scomber. This cartilage falls away rapidly, posteriorly, and soon becomes a rod-like and 

 frequently imperfect and discontinuous piece of cartilage which extends backward from the ventro- 

 lateral portion of the hind end of the body of the palatine. Against the flat ventro-mesial surface 

 of this cartilage, and against the corresponding surface of the hind end of the body of the palatine, 

 anterior to it, the anterior end of the entopterygoid rests. 



The hind end of the body of the palatine, together with the cartilage immediately posterior 

 to it, forms a pronounced tranverse ridge on the dorso-lateral surface of this part of the palato- 

 cjuadrate apparatus, near its dorso-mesial edge. The dorso-anterior surface of this ridge, a surface 

 formed partly of bone and partly of cartilage, articulates with the articular surface at the mesial 



