92 



observation, namely, that both mahgnant tertian and A. palestinensis 

 appear to have the same distribution in area and altitude. 



.4. plumbcus, Hal. {nigripes, Staeg.) occurs, but is unimportant. 

 Uranotaenia unguiculata, Edw., occurred in a ditch containing 

 Culex pipiens, L., in abundance. C. pipiens is common everywhere, 

 especially in water-barrels and dirty ditches. The larvae were seldom 

 found in dwellings and cattle-sheds swarming with the adults. 



The larvae of C. hortensis are common throughout Macedonia from 

 early spring onwards, appearing before A. maculipennis, with which 

 this species is associated ; it is, however, seldom seen in artificial collec- 

 tions of water. Its altitude distribution is about the same as 

 that of A. maculipennis. Macedonia is rich in wild- fowl, and it is 

 passible that the greatest abundance of C. hortensis coincides with their 

 breeding-time. C. hortensis seems less of a domestic species than 

 C. pipiens and more dependent on wild than on domestic birds. 



C. mimeticus does not appear to be very closely connected with 

 A. palestinensis, and rarely occurs in the warm bottoms of valleys ; 

 it has been found at altitudes of about 4,000 feet and reaches farther 

 north than the Anopheline. It appears to be most common at mid- 

 summer. Theohaldia annulata, Schr., occurs throughout the territory 

 in the same waters as C. pipiens, though very foul water is avoided. 

 It is less abundant than C. pipiens in barrels, ditches, etc. 

 T. longiareolata, Mcq. {spathipalpis, Rond.) is also common in the same 

 places, but appears to prefer cleaner water. Taeniorhynchiis richiardii. 

 Fie, was taken once only, and is probably an imported species. Some 

 specimens of Ochlerotatus (Aedes) communis, De G., {nemorosus, Mg.) 

 were taken in the beech forest of the Leschnica valley at about 

 5,000 feet above -sea-level. Finlaya geniculata, 01. {A. ornatus, Mg.) 

 was also found in the same locality. In Germany complaints of a 

 mosquito nuisance only occur where species of the genus Ochlerotatus 

 are present, and although Culex and Anopheles were breeding nearly 

 everywhere in the Balkans, it was only where Ochlerotatus occurred 

 that complaints were made. The larvae of Ochlerotatus caspius, Pall. 

 [A. dorsalis, Mg.) were universally common in the spring, though less 

 so south of Uskub. They even occur in water almost too muddy for 

 any other species, such as ruts constantly touched by passing traffic. 

 A few larvae of Ochlerotatus {A) vexans, Mg., were taken from a pool 

 near Uskub in which 0. caspius abounded. 



The restricted development of Ochlerotatus, as compared with Culex 

 and Anopheles, is very noticeable. It appears to be due to the character 

 of the country, its climate, and its lack of forests and meadows. 



MoRSTATT (H). Die Rolle der tierischen Parasiten und Krankheits- 

 iibertrager im ostafrikanischen Feldzuge. [The Role of Animal 

 Parasites and Disease Carriers in the East African Campaign.] — 

 Zeitschr. angew. Ent., Berlin, vii, no. 2, February 1921, pp. 287- 

 295. 



In the East African campaign the part played by diseases is compar- 

 able with that reported in earlier wars. After quoting from English 

 and Portuguese reports, the author gives his own observations on the 

 distribution and importance of the various parasites and disease 

 carriers. Malaria was the commonest and most important disease 

 during the campaign, especially in the rainy season. Severe benign 

 tertian appears to have steadily increased, and blackwater fever 

 caused many deaths. 



