93 



Of the five East African species of Glossina, G. morsitans is the 

 commonest and most widely distributed ; it is sometimes replaced 

 by G. pallidipes, or both may occur together. G. brevipalpis is also 

 widespread. G. austeni occurs in the north of Tanganyika Territory 

 and in British East Africa, and G. palpalis is confined to the lake 

 region. The author is not aware of any war-time observations on 

 the spread of sleeping sickness by G. palpalis. 



The midges Culicoides {Ceratopogon) spp., are able to pass 

 mosquito netting, and their bites cause an itching occasionally very 

 troublesome to troops on the coast. Though no species has been 

 accurately determined, it is certain that Phlebotomus occurs, and 

 the author records sandfly fever from Dar-es-Salaam. 



Other pests were the Muscids, Cordylobia anthropophaga and 

 Atichmeromyia luteola; fleas, which seldom infested Europeans, except 

 in deserted camps, no cases of plague occurring among the troops ; 

 and the sand-flea, Ttmga {Dermatophilits) penetrans, L., which at 

 times was a serious pest. 



Prior to the war only natives were infested with lice, but during 

 the operations Europeans were affected, especially as a result of night 

 marches, when direct contact with natives could not always be avoided. 

 The head-louse was never seen, and Phthinis pubis was noticed in a 

 very few cases only. 



Ornilhodonis moubata is the only relapsing-fever tick in East Africa ; 

 there were several European cases of the fever, but none proved fatal. 

 Of other ticks, Rhipicephalus spp., the carriers of African coast fever, 

 are the most harmful. 



MuHLENs (P.). Beobachtungen uber das Verhalten der Malaria- 

 parasiten in der Anophelesmiicke. [Observations on the 

 Behaviour of the Malaria Parasite in the Anopheline Mosquito.] — 

 Arch. Schiffs- u. Tropen-Hvg., Leipsic, xxv, no. 2, March 1921, 

 pp. 58-61, 5 figs. 



Crescents have been found in the musculature of Culex artificially 

 infected with Proteosoma [see following paper]. Similar researches 

 by the author have proved negative. On the other hand, in sections 

 of Anopheles mamlipennis artificially infected with Plasmoditim vivax, 

 conditions were found corresponding to those observed by Mayer with 

 Proteosoma. 



On 13th October 1919 mosquitos were fed on a tertian case and then 

 confined in a temperature of 23-25° C. (73-77° F.). Individuals that 

 died or were killed from 3rd to 5th November were cut into sections 

 and stained ; six out of eight were infected and showed sporozoites in 

 various parts of their bodies, but neither cysts nor signs of cysts were 

 visible in the stomachs. 



Grassi believed that crescents collect around the salivary glands, 

 but this was certainly not so in this case, for no remains of stomach 

 cysts were visible 21 days after infection, and therefore the cysts must 

 have burst and released the sporozoites some days previously. Most 

 of the crescents must have passed into the blood stream. 



Though no success has hitherto attended attempts to prove the 

 hibernation of the malarial organism in Anophelines, it is possible that 

 the discovery of crescents in the musculature, and especially in the 

 palpi and scutellum, may indicate these to be the places where the 



