99 



A. hyrcanus, A. mauritianus, Ciilex univiftatus and C. tipulifonnis 

 were found at the same time. A . hifuycatiis breeds almost exclusively 

 in rain-water cisterns and covered surface wells. In Syria larvae 

 and pupae were taken from a small, very shaded stream ; it appears 

 to be essentially a cool-water species. A. algeriensis, Theo., is perhaps 

 the species referred to by previous workers in Palestine as A . fragilis, 

 Theo., or A. aitkeni, James. It does not seem to be very general, 

 and breeds chiefly in large marshes away from human habitations, 

 and therefore is probably not a frequent malaria-carrier. A . hyrcanus, 

 Pall., also breeds in extensive marshes, and is found along the coastal 

 belt of Palestine, and sometimes inland, but not, as yet, in Egypt. 

 Adults occur nearly all the year round, but more abundantly in winter 

 and spring. A. mauritiamis, Grp., has practically the same distri- 

 bution and is commonest early in the year. A. superpictus, Grassi, 

 occurs in the larval stage in natural water, clear pools near fresh 

 springs, etc. The adults are among the chief malaria-carriers in 

 country districts. A. cnlicifacies, Giles, var. sergenti, Theo., occurs 

 sparsely in pools; A. multicolor, Camb. {chaudoyei, Theo.), the chief 

 malaria-carrier in Egypt, previously known in Palestine as A. tiirkhudi, 

 List., breeds in brackish marshes along the coast in late autumn, 

 spring and early summer; .1. pharoensis, Theo., abundant in some 

 parts of Egypt, and regarded as a doubtful carrier of malaria, is rare 

 in Palestine ; Stegomyia fasciata, F., a domestic species, occurs in 

 Palestine, Egypt and Syria, adults being abundant in the hot season ; 

 Ochlerotatus caspins, Pall., is abundant in Egypt, but less so in Pales- 

 tine, the larvae preferring brackish water ; 0. mariae, Serg., is a 

 sea-water species, abundant in salt pools along the coast, and trouble- 

 some owing to the adults biting in the daytime ; 0. detritus, Hal. 

 {salimis, Fie.) is abundant and troublesome during the wet season 

 and early spring, the larvae occurring chiefly in brackish water near 

 the coast. Culex pipiens, L., is ubiquitous and abundant near human 

 dwellings ; the larvae differ somewhat from examples from Western 

 Europe and Mesopotamia. C. laticinctus, Edw., is commonly found 

 in tents in camps, the larvae occurring in surface wells, tanks, etc. ; 

 C. iinivittaiiis, Theo., does not occur in great abundance, the larvae 

 being found in marshes and stream pools, generally away from dwellings ; 

 C. tipidiformis, Theo., and C. hortensis, Fie, are frequently present 

 in the same habitat ; C. mimcticns, Noe, has been found with 

 A. superpictus, but seems to be absent from Egypt. Theohaldia 

 longiareolata, Macq., is abundant in all localities in water-barrels and 

 other receptacles in gardens, surface wells, tanks and cisterns ; T. 

 annulata, Schr., is less common and is not found in Egypt ; T. morsi- 

 tans, Theo., was found in the larval stage in a quarry pool. Urano- 

 taenia unguiculata, Edw., breeding in large swamps, is widely 

 distributed in Egypt and is also found in parts of Palestine. 



Laing (F.). The Cockroach. Its Life-history and how to deal with 



it— Brit. Mus. [Naf. Hist.), London, Econ. Ser., no. 12, 1921, 

 18 pp., 1 plate, 2 figs. Price 6d. 



The species of cockroaches commonly found in Britain are Blatta 

 orientalis, L. (common or oriental cockroach) and Blattella germanica, 

 L. (German cockroach) ; Periplaneta americana, L. (American cock- 

 roach) and P. australasiae, F. (Australian cockroach) are less fre- 

 quently seen. The life-history and habits of these insects, and their 



