104 



Friederichs (K.). Zur Kriebelmiickenfrage. [The Simulium Prob- 

 lem.] — Deutsche Tierdrztl. W ochenschr . , Hanover, xxix, no. 14, 

 2nd April 1921, pp. 171-173. 



The names given in a key in a previous paper [R.A.E., B, ix, 36] 

 require revision as follows : — S. reptans becomes S. ornalum nitidifrons, 

 Edw. ; S. pictiim, S. reptans ; and S. venefica, sp. n., S. variegatum, 

 Meig. 



Up to the present the regulation of pasturing at the danger periods 

 is the only practical means for preventing losses, and if the rules are 

 observed it suffices. 



There appears to be no reason for disputing Wilhelmi's theory that 

 climate is a factor in the occurrence of outbreaks [R.A.E., B, viii, 217], 

 but this requires supplementing by information regarding the species 

 of Simulium concerned. Specific determinations have been made only 

 in a very few cases. S. reptans and 5. argyreatum are undoubtedly 

 dangerous. S. maculatum (which name the author retains on grounds 

 of convenience in preference to S. equinum, L., given by Edwards) 

 chiefly attacks horses' ears, but fatal cases do not appear to have been 

 recorded. From Thuringia a species described by the author as 

 5. nolleri has been bred from pupae, but there is as yet no definite 

 record of this species biting cattle in that region. It is absolutely 

 necessary to ascertain what species, if any, other than S. reptans and 

 5. argyreatum, cause mortality. 



At present 14 species of Simulium are known from Germany, but 

 others undoubtedly occur there. 



Enderlein (G.). Das System der Kriebelmucken (Simuliidae). [The 

 Classification of Simuliids.] — Deutsche Tierdrztl. Wochenschr., 

 Hanover, xxix, no. 16, 16th April 1921, pp. 197-200. 



In the present short preliminary paper the author, who appeals for 

 specimens accompanied by full data, gives the results of his own 

 observations and research. 



Friedrichs has stated that these flies do not molest man, but the 

 author himself and other persons have been attacked, Simulium 

 {Boophthora) sericatum, Mg., being a species identified in some cases. 

 Specimens received seem to show that this species is responsible for 

 the marked losses among cattle around Hanover. 



Swarming of the males, as in Chironomids, does not appear to have 

 been observed in Simuliids until the author noticed a swarm of males 

 of Wilhelmia nigra, Mg., mixed with W. nigra var. aurescens. End., 

 in 1919 in Saxony. 



Pupae collected after a spell of severe cold weather (— 10° C. = 

 14° F.) yielded adults in an apparently normal manner. 



Parasites of Simuliids are almost unknown, but the author once 

 obtained the Braconids, Ademon decrescens, Nees, and Grypocampa 

 affinis, Nees, from pupae of Simidium (Nevermannia) aureimi. Fries. 



A key to the subfamilies is given, stress being laid on the necessity 

 for using it for every specimen, owing to the great resemblance between 

 species of quite different groups. This key is followed by a list showing 

 the various species belonging to each genus ; there are 44 species, 

 divided among 15 genera, including 12 new ones erected by the author, 

 those mentioned above being amongst these. 



