177 



Metalnikow (S.) & Gaschen (H.). Immunity et Hypersensibilit6 

 Chez la Chenille.— C. R. Hebdom. Acad. Sci., Paris, clxxiii, 

 no. 5, 1st August 1921, pp. 336-338. 



The experiments here described show that larvae of Galleria 

 mellonella become immunised against cholera infection within three 

 hours after the injection of the vaccine [cf. R.A.E., B, ix, 154]. 

 Although the treated larvae are immune to "the minimum fatal dose 

 they appear to succumb more rapidly to larger doses than the untreated 

 larvae. 



These observations support the hypothesis that the anaphylactic 

 shock is the result of a too rapid cellular reaction stimulated by 

 immunisation. 



KoNsuLOFF (.S.). Die Lebensbedingungen der Anophelinen in 

 Bulgarien in Zusammenhang mit der Malariaverbreitung. [The 

 Bionomics of Anophelines in Bulgaria in connection with 

 the Diffusion of Malaria. 1 — Arch. Schiffs-u. Trop.-Hyg., Leipsic, 

 XXV, no. 8, August 1921, pp. 227-240. 



Since the war malaria has increased to such an extent in Bulgaria 

 that at the Malaria Conference, held at Sofia in October 1920, it was 

 recognised as the most widely spread disease in the country, the 

 epidemic of 1920 being more severe than any in the preceding 

 twenty years. 



The Bulgarian Anophelines are Anopheles maculipennis, Mg., A. 

 bifurcatus, L.,.4. hyrcanus, Pall. {Myzorhynchus pseudopictus, Gr.), and 

 A. palestinensis, Theo. {Pyretophorus ^superpictus, Gr.). The first- 

 named is the most common and occurs in the plains and mountainous 

 districts up to about 4,000 feet. A. bifurcatus is rare, a few specimens 

 being occasionally found together with A. maculipennis. A. hyrcanus 

 formerly occurred as a rare species in north-eastern Bulgaria, but 

 latterly it has appeared in the rice-fields in the south. In the evening 

 swarms of this species occur in the rice-fields, though it is never found 

 in adjacent houses, where the ceilings may be covered with A. maculi- 

 pennis. It probably plays a part in the infection in the open, which 

 seems to be common in Bulgaria, where in summer the agricultural 

 population are in the habit of sleeping out of doors. A. pales- 

 tinensis occurs in the Struma region in south-west Bulgaria, the 

 small, algae-containing pools in ravines being its preferred breeding- 

 places. Its larvae may also be found in collections of water so small 

 as to appear quite unsuitable for mosquitos. Neither in Bulgaria 

 nor in Macedonia has the author ever seen the larvae of A . palestinensis 

 in the ponds in the plains, which have a muddy bottom, contain 

 much grass and are the preferred breeding-places of A . maculipennis. 

 A. palestinensis breeds in standing or slow-moving water with a sand or 

 rubble bottom. Though A. maculipennis prefers the waters described 

 above, it does not entirely avoid the breeding-places of A. palestinensis. 



The latter appears to play an important role in the transmission 

 of malaria in the southern part of the Balkans, but it is remarkable 

 that only small numbers of it are found indoors in districts where it 

 occurs. Of two Bulgarian regiments, one quartered in a district 

 infested with A maculipennis and the other in a district infested 

 with A. palestinensis, the latter suffered more from malaria. 



It would be interesting to know whether in Greece also malaria 

 is more diffused in hilly districts lacking much stagnant water 

 {A. palestinensis regions) than in marshy districts unsuitable to 



(4669) Wt P.3/181 1500 11/21 Harrow G.75 O 



