57 



against the Azande focus must be limited to protecting the menaced 

 frontiers by freeing the adjoining districts from infection. The want 

 of doctors has, until recently, hindered active operations in central 

 Welle, the geographical position of which alone renders control 

 measures difficalt. The powers of doctors and officials have been 

 considerably increased by the new regulations of 29th September 1914, 

 but to ensure success, the necessary supervision requires to be still 

 more effective. 



HiGGiNs (J. T. D. S.). Note on Cases of Phlebotomus Fever at an 

 Island in the Eastern Mediterranean. — Brit. Med. Jl., London, 

 no. 2874, 29th January 1916, p. 166. 



Eight cases of sand-fly fever occurred in a garrison under the 

 author's charge. The infection was due to Phlehotoynus papatasii, and 

 the trouble ceased after the sleeping-places were moved from the ground 

 floor, and after a neighbouring area covered with rubble and refuse 

 was cleared and dressed with lime. 



Bacot (A. W.). The temperature necessary for the destruction of lice 

 and their eggs.— Brilish Med. Jl, London, 29th January 1916. 



The results described here are those of work undertaken because the 

 points concerning temperature dealt with by Dr. Kinloch in connection 

 with lice [see this Review, Ser. B, iii, p. 156] were so at variance 

 with the author's experience regarding the heat necessary to kill other 

 insects. Living specimens of lice, Pedicidus humanus {vestimenti), were 

 obtained and bred from in a box carried in a pocket where the insects 

 had the advantage of the natural heat and humidity of the body. It 

 was found that both the eggs and the lice (in their second instar) 

 survived a thirty minutes' trial in an incubator (dry air) at 120*2° F., 

 the lice being apparently unaffected, as they subsequently completed 

 their development. Living lice, however, were killed by thirty 

 minutes' submersion in water at 122-3° F. ; at the same temperature 

 in dry air, they were paralysed and 28 out of 32 specimens in all stages 

 of growth died within a few hours, but four (two in the second and two 

 in the third instars) survived. At 129*2° F. the lice were all dead 

 thirty-five minutes after placing in the incubator and, up to the time 

 of writing — three weeks after the test, no young had emerged from the 

 eggs submitted to this temperature, though the control box was 

 swarming with lice in all stages of growth. Eggs on pieces of cloth 

 were dipped into water at 209*1° F. for one minute and a half-minute 

 respectively, and, as was to be expected, they became an opaque 

 white, presumably owing to the coagulation of the albumin. None 

 of these hatched, though kept in the same pocket as the control eggs. 

 A further test was carried out in a water bath to ensure greater 

 accuracy. One batch of eggs was placed in a tube containing tap- 

 water and another portion of the same batch was kept dry, in a 

 similar tube. The tubes were submerged to within an inch of the 

 rim in the water bath, the registered temperature of which was 131° F. 

 After thirty minutes, the eggs were removed and kept wath the control 

 portion (in three separate boxes) in the same pocket. Up to the time 

 of writing (sixteen days after the test) no eggs had hatched from the 



