103 



in Culex fatigans, Anojyheles stephensi, Stegomyia sugens, OmitJiodoms 

 moubata, Pulex irritans and Cteyiocephalus canis with negative results, 

 whereas the w%ole cycle of evolution was observed to take place in 

 Cimex lectidarius and C. hemiptem. While Patton readily inoculated 

 dogs and monkeys with the virus of the Indian form of the disease 

 obtained from man, he was unable to produce infection by the use of 

 bugs as transmitting agents, and it still remains to be proved that the 

 organisms observed by him in Cimex are pathogenic to dogs, monkeys 

 or white rats ; the position of his work is compared with that of 

 Brumpt on the development of tr^-panosomes in the bodies of Cimex 

 houeti and Ornithodorus moubata, though neither is capable of trans- 

 mitting the organisms. The discovery of Nicolle that the organism of 

 Mediterranean kala-azar was identical with that of Leishmania infantum 

 led to the conclusion that children were infected from dogs, and the 

 canine and infantile forms are now regarded as identical. The author, 

 by a process of exhaustion, arrived at the conclusion that fleas were 

 the carriers and was able to transmit the disease through Ctenocejjhalus 

 canis (serraticeps) which had been fed on the spleen of a badly infected 

 dog. It is now considered proved that the vertebrate host may be 

 infected either by direct puncture of an infective insect or by contami- 

 nation with its faeces. Laveran and Franchini obtained direct 

 infection in mice through fleas which had been allowed to bite a dog 

 infected with Herpetomonas ctenocepJiali. Rats have been infected 

 with Herpetomonas px^^^oni through Ceratophyllus fasciatus, with 

 Crithidia melophagi through Melophagus ovinus, and with C . fasciculata 

 through Anopheles. Fantham and Porter have also obtained experi- 

 mental transmission of the flagellates of various insects, including :— 

 Nepa cinerea, Ctenocephalus canis, Stratiomyia chameleon and 

 S. potamida, Pediculus capitis and Gerris fossarum either by ingestion 

 or injection of material into the peritoneum ; the organism so intro- 

 duced lives and multipUes in the blood and internal organs of mice 

 and dogs, giving rise to an infection having symptoms of internal 

 leishmaniasis ; the experiments were extended to fish, frogs, toads, 

 lizards and snakes with similar results. Sergent, Lheritier and Lemaire 

 have advanced the hypothesis that Phlebotomus minutus is a carrier 

 and that the source of infection at Biskra is the local gecko [Tarentola 

 mauritanica]. [See this Review, Ser. B, iii, pp. 143, 230-231.] 

 The symptoms, pathological anatomy and treatment of the 

 disease*^ are discussed. Prophylaxis is difficult, as the precise 

 mode of transmission and the necessary conditions are still a little 

 obscure. Price and Rogers noticed in India that segregation of the 

 .sick diminished the numbers of new cases to a remarkable degree 

 [see this Review, Ser. B, ii, p. 67-68]. Young made the same obser- 

 vation in Assam, and was of opinion that the disease was transmitted 

 from man to man by biting insects living in the dwellings of attacked 

 persons. In India there is no real proof of the existence of canine 

 leishmaniasis. In the Mediterranean region adults are rarely attacked, 

 children suffering almost exclusively, and here the connection with 

 dogs is more or less clear. Dogs sick of the disease rarely leave the 

 houses and a strict suppression of them is suggested. The author, in 

 1909, collected practically all the infected dogs in Bordonaro, and 

 whereas many cases were notified in children in that year, there were 

 none in 1910 and only one in 1911. 

 fC276) a2 



