105 



been carried out in Khartoum, Ismailia, and Panama and has given 

 very promising results. It involves a preliminary study of the following 

 points :• — (1) The incidence rate of malaria in the given locality ; (2) 

 the species of Anophelines prevalent ; (3) the life-cycle and breeding 

 habits of malaria-transmitting species ; (4) the probable flight ranges 

 of these species under existing chmatic conditions. The protection 

 of the individual against bites includes the efficient screening of 

 dwellings, the catching of mosquitos within dweUings, and the use of 

 mosquito nets over beds. Mosquito gauze used in screening should 

 be of the 16- or 18-mesh kind, according to the species of mosquito 

 which is prevalent. Pure copper or bronze gauze only reduces the 

 air space by about 35 per cent. Window screens should be fixed, and 

 it is advisable that verandahs should be similarly protected. Openings 

 in floors, ceilings, ventilators, etc., must be mosquito-proof, and doors 

 should open outwards, with efficient self-closing devices. Mosquito 

 catching is a useful measure if carried out in early morning and after 

 sunset. Quinine is valuable in the case of persons compelled to spend 

 some time in a malarious locality, but its power of eradicating malaria 

 in a large territory is debatable. 



KiNGON (J. R, L.). The Economics of the East Coast Fever as 

 Illustrated by the Transkeian TemioTies.—South African Jl. Sci., 

 Cajje Town, xii, no. 6, January 1916, pp. 213-226, [Received 

 9th May 1916.] 



The number of cattle lost through African Coast fever in the Trans- 

 keian Territories in 1911 was estimated at 1,111,705 head, and in 1914 

 at 434,063 head. The financial loss incurred has been placed at five 

 million pounds. Although the progress of the disease has been 

 arrested to some extent, a subacute phase seems to persist, the result 

 of which is that a very small percentage of calves outlive the first year. 

 The numerical loss in animals affected trade, in that the transport 

 system was completely disorganised, and this in turn increased the 

 cost of freight and indirectly that of living. Government measures, 

 including laws restricting the movement of cattle, the erection of 

 barriers, dipping tanks, etc., involved an expenditure of many thousands 

 of pounds. In discussing the effect of the loss of cattle sustained by 

 natives, the author raises the question as to whether labour will be 

 released for agricultural and other industries of South Africa. He 

 considers that the Territories cannot be quite the same after this loss 

 and that already some change has arisen in the tribal systems and 

 customs. 



r^ Bishop (W. A.). Two types of skin Myiasis.— Proc. Med. Assoc. 

 ^ Isthmian Canal Zone, Mount Hope, 1916, vii, pt. 2, pp. 87-93. 



Details are given of cases of myiasis caused by Bermatobia cyani- 

 ventris and Chrysomyia macellaria (screw worm). In the latter case, 

 plugging the nostrils with cotton wool soaked in chloroform was the 

 method adopted for expelling the larvae. In the discussion which 

 followed, a case was reported in which 250 larvae were expelled 

 from the nose of one patient. Screw worm infection is said to have 

 greatly diminished in the Canal zone. 



